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docs: Clean up punctuation, grammar, usage, and typos. 

Closes #795.

Signed-off-by: Grant Edwards <grant.b.edwards@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Korsgaard <jacmet@sunsite.dk>
2012.11.x
grante 2009-12-10 16:12:21 -06:00 committed by Peter Korsgaard
parent b5972138c3
commit 0a62bb41ba
2 changed files with 234 additions and 230 deletions
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@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
#765: Add buildroot branding to gcc
#767: Bump iw package to 0.9.18
#773: [SECURITY] Update bind to 9.5.2-P1
#795: Minor edits to fix typos, grammar, spelling, usage in documen...
2009.11, Released December 1st, 2009:

463
docs/buildroot.html
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@ -46,17 +46,17 @@
<h2><a name="about" id="about"></a>About Buildroot</h2>
<p>Buildroot is a set of Makefiles and patches that allow to
<p>Buildroot is a set of Makefiles and patches that allows you to
easily generate a cross-compilation toolchain, a root filesystem
and a Linux kernel image for your target. Buildroot can be used
for either one, two or all of these options, independently.</p>
for one, two or all of these options, independently.</p>
<p>Buildroot is useful mainly for people working with embedded systems.
Embedded systems often use processors that are not the regular x86
processors everyone is used to have on his PC. It can be PowerPC
processors everyone is used to having in his PC. They can be PowerPC
processors, MIPS processors, ARM processors, etc. </p>
<p>A compilation toolchain is the set of tools that allows to
<p>A compilation toolchain is the set of tools that allows you to
compile code for your system. It consists of a compiler (in our
case, <code>gcc</code>), binary utils like assembler and linker
(in our case, <code>binutils</code>) and a C standard library (for
@ -64,55 +64,57 @@
Libc</a>, <a href="http://www.uclibc.org/">uClibc</a> or <a
href="http://www.fefe.de/dietlibc/">dietlibc</a>). The system
installed on your development station certainly already has a
compilation toolchain that you can use to compile application that
compilation toolchain that you can use to compile an application that
runs on your system. If you're using a PC, your compilation
toolchain runs on an x86 processor and generates code for a x86
toolchain runs on an x86 processor and generates code for an x86
processor. Under most Linux systems, the compilation toolchain
uses the GNU libc as C standard library. This compilation
toolchain is called the &quot;host compilation toolchain&quot;, and more
generally, the machine on which it is running, and on which you're
working is called the &quot;host system&quot;. The compilation toolchain
uses the GNU libc (glibc) as the C standard library. This compilation
toolchain is called the &quot;host compilation toolchain&quot;.
The machine on which it is running, and on which you're
working, is called the &quot;host system&quot;. The compilation toolchain
is provided by your distribution, and Buildroot has nothing to do
with it. </p>
with it (other than using it to build a cross-compilation toolchain
and other tools that are run on the development host). </p>
<p>As said above, the compilation toolchain that comes with your system
runs and generates code for the processor of your host system. As your
runs on and generates code for the processor in your host system. As your
embedded system has a different processor, you need a cross-compilation
toolchain: it's a compilation toolchain that runs on your host system but
that generates code for your target system (and target processor). For
toolchain &mdash; a compilation toolchain that runs on your host system but
generates code for your target system (and target processor). For
example, if your host system uses x86 and your target system uses ARM, the
regular compilation toolchain of your host runs on x86 and generates code
regular compilation toolchain on your host runs on x86 and generates code
for x86, while the cross-compilation toolchain runs on x86 and generates
code for ARM. </p>
<p>Even if your embedded system uses a x86 processor, you might interested
in Buildroot, for two reasons:</p>
<p>Even if your embedded system uses an x86 processor, you might be interested
in Buildroot for two reasons:</p>
<ul>
<li>The compilation toolchain of your host certainly uses the GNU Libc
<li>The compilation toolchain on your host certainly uses the GNU Libc
which is a complete but huge C standard library. Instead of using GNU
Libc on your target system, you can use uClibc which is a tiny C standard
library. If you want to use this C library, then you need a compilation
toolchain to generate binaries linked with it. Buildroot can do it for
toolchain to generate binaries linked with it. Buildroot can do that for
you. </li>
<li>Buildroot automates the building of a root filesystem with all needed
tools like busybox. It makes it much easier than doing it by hand. </li>
tools like busybox. That makes it much easier than doing it by hand. </li>
</ul>
<p>You might wonder why such a tool is needed when you can compile
<code>gcc</code>, <code>binutils</code>, uClibc and all the tools by hand.
Of course, doing so is possible. But dealing with all configure options,
with all problems of every <code>gcc</code> or <code>binutils</code>
version it very time-consuming and uninteresting. Buildroot automates this
process through the use of Makefiles, and has a collection of patches for
<code>gcc</code>, <code>binutils</code>, <code>uClibc</code> and all
the other tools by hand.
Of course doing so is possible. But, dealing with all of the configure options
and problems of every <code>gcc</code> or <code>binutils</code>
version is very time-consuming and uninteresting. Buildroot automates this
process through the use of Makefiles and has a collection of patches for
each <code>gcc</code> and <code>binutils</code> version to make them work
on most architectures. </p>
<p>Moreover, Buildroot provides an infrastructure for reproducing
the build process of your embedded root filesystem. Being able to
the build process of your kernel, cross-toolchain, and embedded root filesystem. Being able to
reproduce the build process will be useful when a component needs
to be patched or updated, or when another person is supposed to
to be patched or updated or when another person is supposed to
take over the project.</p>
<h2><a name="download" id="download"></a>Obtaining Buildroot</h2>
@ -129,12 +131,12 @@
and previous snapshots are also available at <a
href="http://buildroot.net/downloads/snapshots/">http://buildroot.net/downloads/snapshots/</a>. </p>
<p>To download Buildroot using Git, you can simply follow
the rules described on the &quot;Accessing Git&quot;-page (<a href=
<p>To download Buildroot using Git you can simply follow
the rules described on the &quot;Accessing Git&quot; page (<a href=
"http://buildroot.net/git.html">http://buildroot.net/git.html</a>)
of the Buildroot website (<a href=
"http://buildroot.net">http://buildroot.net</a>), and download
<code>buildroot</code> from Git. For the impatient, here's a quick
"http://buildroot.net">http://buildroot.net</a>).
For the impatient, here's a quick
recipe:</p>
<pre>
@ -144,10 +146,10 @@
<h2><a name="using" id="using"></a>Using Buildroot</h2>
<p>Buildroot has a nice configuration tool similar to the one you can find
in the Linux Kernel (<a href=
in the Linux kernel (<a href=
"http://www.kernel.org/">http://www.kernel.org/</a>) or in Busybox
(<a href="http://www.busybox.org/">http://www.busybox.org/</a>). Note that
you can build everything as a normal user. There is no need to be root to
you can (and should) build everything as a normal user. There is no need to be root to
configure and use Buildroot. The first step is to run the configuration
assistant:</p>
@ -161,15 +163,20 @@
$ make xconfig
</pre>
<p>to run the Qt3-based configurator. On Debian-like systems, the
<p>to run the Qt3-based configurator.</p>
<p>Both of these "make" commands will need to build a configuration
utility, so you may need to install "development" packages for
relevent libraries used by the configuration utilities.
On Debian-like systems, the
<code>libncurses5-dev</code> package is required to use the
<i>menuconfig</i> interface, and the <code>libqt3-mt-dev</code> is
required to use the <i>xconfig</i> interface.</p>
<p>For each entry of the configuration tool, you can find associated help
<p>For each menu entry in the configuration tool, you can find associated help
that describes the purpose of the entry. </p>
<p>Once everything is configured, the configuration tool has generated a
<p>Once everything is configured, the configuration tool generates a
<code>.config</code> file that contains the description of your
configuration. It will be used by the Makefiles to do what's needed. </p>
@ -179,11 +186,18 @@
<pre>
$ make
</pre>
<p>This command will download, configure and compile all the
selected tools, and finally generate a toolchain, a root
filesystem image and a kernel image (or only one of these
elements, depending on the configuration).</p>
<p>This command will generally perform the following steps:</p>
<ul>
<li>Download source files (as required)</li>
<li>Configure cross-compile toolchain</li>
<li>Build/install cross-compile toolchain</li>
<li>Build/install selected target packages</li>
<li>Build a kernel image</li>
<li>Create a root filesystem in selected formats</li>
</ul>
<p>Some of the above steps might not be performed if they are not
selected in the Buildroot configuration.
</p>
<p>Buildroot output is stored in a single directory,
<code>output/</code>. This directory contains several
@ -194,19 +208,19 @@
<li><code>images/</code> where all the images (kernel image,
bootloader and root filesystem images) are stored.</li>
<li><code>build/</code> where all the components are built
(tools needed to run Buildroot on the host and packages compiled
<li><code>build/</code> where all the components except for the
cross-compilation toolchain are built
(this includes tools needed to run Buildroot on the host and packages compiled
for the target). The <code>build/</code> directory contains one
subdirectory for each of these components. The toolchain
components are however built in a separate directory.</li>
subdirectory for each of these components.</li>
<li><code>staging/</code> which contains a hierarchy similar to
a root filesystem hierarchy. This directory contains the
installation of cross-compilation toolchain and all the
installation of the cross-compilation toolchain and all the
userspace packages selected for the target. However, this
directory is <i>not</i> intended to be the root filesystem for
the target: it contains a lot of development files, unstripped
binaries and libraries, that make it far too big for an embedded
binaries and libraries that make it far too big for an embedded
system.</li>
<li><code>target/</code> which contains <i>almost</i> the root
@ -214,18 +228,19 @@
the device files in <code>/dev/</code> (Buildroot can't create
them because Buildroot doesn't run as root and does not want to
run as root). Therefore, this directory <b>should not be used on
your target</b> but instead you should use one of the images
your target</b>. Instead, you should use one of the images
built in the <code>images/</code> directory. If you need an
extracted image of the root filesystem, for booting over NFS,
extracted image of the root filesystem for booting over NFS,
then use the tarball image generated in <code>images/</code> and
extract it as root.<br/>Compared to <code>staging/</code>,
<code>target/</code> contains only the necessary files to run
the libraries and applications: all the development files
<code>target/</code> contains only the files and libraries needed
to run the selected target applications: the development files
(headers, etc.) are not present.</li>
<li><code>host/</code> contains the installation of tools
compiled for the host that are needed for the proper execution
of Buildroot.</li>
of Buildroot except for the cross-compilation toolchain which is
installed under <code>staging/</code>.</li>
<li><code>toolchain/</code> contains the build directories for
the various components of the cross-compilation toolchain.</li>
@ -235,9 +250,9 @@
<h3><a name="offline_builds" id="offline_builds"></a>
Offline builds</h3>
<p>If you intend to do an offline-build and just want to download
<p>If you intend to do an offline build and just want to download
all sources that you previously selected in the configurator
(<i>menuconfig</i> or <i>xconfig</i>) then issue:</p>
(<i>menuconfig</i> or <i>xconfig</i>), then issue:</p>
<pre>
$ make source
</pre>
@ -249,31 +264,31 @@
<p>Buildroot supports building out of tree with a syntax similar
to the Linux kernel. To use it, add O=&lt;directory&gt; to the
make command line, E.G.:</p>
make command line:</p>
<pre>
$ make O=/tmp/build
</pre>
<p>And all the output files will be located under
<p>All the output files will be located under
<code>/tmp/build</code>.</p>
<h3><a name="environment_variables" id="environment_variables"></a>
Environment variables</h3>
<p>Buildroot optionally honors some environment variables that are passed
to <code>make</code> :</p>
<p>Buildroot also honors some environment variables when they are passed
to <code>make</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>HOSTCXX</code>, the host C++ compiler to use</li>
<li><code>HOSTCC</code>, the host C compiler to use</li>
<li><code>UCLIBC_CONFIG_FILE=&lt;path/to/.config&gt;</code>, path
to the uClibc configuration file to use to compile uClibc if an
internal toolchain is selected</li>
internal toolchain is being built</li>
<li><code>BUSYBOX_CONFIG_FILE=&lt;path/to/.config&gt;</code>, path
to the Busybox configuration file</li>
<li><code>LINUX26_KCONFIG=&lt;path/to/.config&gt;</code>, path
to the Linux kernel configuration file</li>
<li><code>BUILDROOT_COPYTO</code>, an additional location at which
<li><code>BUILDROOT_COPYTO</code>, an additional location to which
the binary images of the root filesystem, kernel, etc. built by
Buildroot are copied</li>
<li><code>BUILDROOT_DL_DIR</code> to override the directory in
@ -307,48 +322,48 @@ $ export BUILDROOT_COPYTO=/tftpboot
<p>There are a few ways to customize the resulting target filesystem:</p>
<ul>
<li>Customize the target filesystem directly, and rebuild the image. The
<li>Customize the target filesystem directly and rebuild the image. The
target filesystem is available under <code>output/target/</code>.
You can simply make your changes here, and run make afterwards, which will
rebuild the target filesystem image. This method allows to do everything
on the target filesystem, but if you decide to completely rebuild your
You can simply make your changes here and run make afterwards &mdash; this will
rebuild the target filesystem image. This method allows you to do anything
to the target filesystem, but if you decide to completely rebuild your
toolchain and tools, these changes will be lost. </li>
<li>Customize the target filesystem skeleton, available under
<li>Customize the target filesystem skeleton available under
<code>target/generic/target_skeleton/</code>. You can customize
configuration files or other stuff here. However, the full file hierarchy
is not yet present, because it's created during the compilation process.
So you can't do everything on this target filesystem skeleton, but
changes to it remain even if you completely rebuild the cross-compilation
is not yet present because it's created during the compilation process.
Therefore, you can't do everything on this target filesystem skeleton, but
changes to it do remain even if you completely rebuild the cross-compilation
toolchain and the tools. <br />
You can also customize the <code>target/generic/device_table.txt</code>
file which is used by the tools that generate the target filesystem image
to properly set permissions and create device nodes.<br />
These customizations are deployed into
<code>output/target/</code> just before the actual image
is made. So simply rebuilding the image by running
is made. Simply rebuilding the image by running
make should propagate any new changes to the image. </li>
<li>Add support for your own target in Buildroot so that you
have your own target skeleton, see <a href="#board_support">this
section</a> for details</li>
have your own target skeleton (see <a href="#board_support">this
section</a> for details).</li>
<li>In Buildroot configuration, you can specify the path to a
post-build script that gets called <i>after</i> Buildroot built
all the selected software, but <i>before</i> the the rootfs
<li>In the Buildroot configuration, you can specify the path to a
post-build script that gets called <i>after</i> Buildroot builds
all the selected software but <i>before</i> the the rootfs
packages are assembled. The destination root filesystem folder
is given as first argument to this script, and this script can
is given as the first argument to this script, and this script can
then be used to copy programs, static data or any other needed
file to your target filesystem.<br/>You should, however, use
that feature with care. Whenever you find that a certain package
generates wrong or unneeded files, you should rather fix than
package than working around it with a cleanup script.</li>
this feature with care. Whenever you find that a certain package
generates wrong or unneeded files, you should fix that
package rather than work around it with a post-build cleanup script.</li>
<li>A special package, <i>customize</i>, stored in
<code>package/customize</code> can be used. You can put all the
files that you want to see in the final target root filesystem
in <code>package/customize/source</code>, and then enable this
special package from the configuration system.</li>
in <code>package/customize/source</code> and then enable this
special package in the configuration system.</li>
</ul>
@ -357,18 +372,18 @@ $ export BUILDROOT_COPYTO=/tftpboot
<p><a href="http://www.busybox.net/">Busybox</a> is very configurable, and
you may want to customize it. You can
follow these simple steps to do it. It's not an optimal way, but it's
simple and it works. </p>
follow these simple steps to do so. This method isn't optimal, but it's
simple and it works:</p>
<ol>
<li>Make a first compilation of buildroot with busybox without trying to
<li>Do an initial compilation of Buildroot with busybox without trying to
customize it. </li>
<li>Invoke <code>make busybox-menuconfig</code>.
The nice configuration tool appears and you can
The nice configuration tool appears, and you can
customize everything. </li>
<li>Run the compilation of buildroot again. </li>
<li>Run the compilation of Buildroot again. </li>
</ol>
<p>Otherwise, you can simply change the
@ -383,21 +398,21 @@ $ export BUILDROOT_COPYTO=/tftpboot
<p>Just like <a href="#custom_busybox">BusyBox</a>, <a
href="http://www.uclibc.org/">uClibc</a> offers a lot of
configuration options. They allow to select various
functionalities, depending on your needs and limitations. </p>
configuration options. They allow you to select various
functionalities depending on your needs and limitations. </p>
<p>The easiest way to modify the configuration of uClibc is to
follow these steps :</p>
follow these steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>Make a first compilation of buildroot without trying to
<li>Do an initial compilation of Buildroot without trying to
customize uClibc. </li>
<li>Invoke <code>make uclibc-menuconfig</code>.
The nice configuration assistant, similar to
the one used in the Linux Kernel or in Buildroot appears. Make
your configuration as appropriate. </li>
the one used in the Linux kernel or Buildroot, appears. Make
your configuration changes as appropriate. </li>
<li>Copy the <code>.config</code> file to
<code>toolchain/uClibc/uClibc.config</code> or
@ -406,7 +421,7 @@ $ export BUILDROOT_COPYTO=/tftpboot
configuration, and the latter is used if you have selected
locale support. </li>
<li>Run the compilation of Buildroot again</li>
<li>Run the compilation of Buildroot again.</li>
</ol>
@ -434,18 +449,18 @@ $ export BUILDROOT_COPYTO=/tftpboot
id="rebuilding_packages">Understanding how to rebuild
packages</a></h2>
<p>One of the most common question and issue about Buildroot
encountered by users is how to rebuild a given package or how to
<p>One of the most common questions asked by Buildroot
users is how to rebuild a given package or how to
remove a package without rebuilding everything from scratch.</p>
<p>Removing a package is currently unsupported by Buildroot
without rebuilding from scratch. This is because Buildroot doesn't
keep track of which package installs what files in the
<code>output/staging</code> and <code>output/target</code>
directories. However, implement clean package removal is on the
directories. However, implementing clean package removal is on the
TODO-list of Buildroot developers.</p>
<p>To rebuild a single package from scratch, the easiest way is to
<p>The easiest way to rebuild a single package from scratch is to
remove its build directory in <code>output/build</code>. Buildroot
will then re-extract, re-configure, re-compile and re-install this
package from scratch.</p>
@ -453,26 +468,26 @@ $ export BUILDROOT_COPYTO=/tftpboot
<p>However, if you don't want to rebuild the package completely
from scratch, a better understanding of the Buildroot internals is
needed. Internally, to keep track of which steps have been done
and which steps remains to be done, Buildroot maintains stamps
files (i.e, empty files that just tell whether this or this action
has been done). The problem is that these stamps files are not
and which steps remain to be done, Buildroot maintains stamp
files (empty files that just tell whether this or that action
has been done). The problem is that these stamp files are not
uniformely named and handled by the different packages, so some
understanding of the particular package is needed.</p>
<p>For packages relying on the <i>autotools</i> Buildroot
infrastructure (see <a href="#add_software">this section</a> for
details), the following stamps files are interesting:</p>
details), the following stamp files are relevent:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>output/build/packagename-version/.stamp_configured</code>. If
removed, Buildroot will trigger the recompilation of the package
from the configuration step (execution of
<code>./configure</code>)</li>
<code>./configure</code>).</li>
<li><code>output/build/packagename-version/.stamp_built</code>. If
removed, Buildroot will trigger the recompilation of the package
from the compilation step (execution of <code>make</code>)</li>
from the compilation step (execution of <code>make</code>).</li>
</ul>
@ -492,32 +507,28 @@ $(ZLIB_DIR)/libz.a: $(ZLIB_DIR)/.configured
touch -c $@
</pre>
<p>So, if you want to trigger the reconfiguration, you need to
remove <code>output/build/zlib-version/.configured</code> and if
<p>If you want to trigger the reconfiguration, you need to
remove <code>output/build/zlib-version/.configured</code>. If
you want to trigger only the recompilation, you need to remove
<code>output/build/zlib-version/libz.a</code>.</p>
<h2><a name="buildroot_innards" id="buildroot_innards"></a>How Buildroot
works</h2>
<p>As said above, Buildroot is basically a set of Makefiles that download,
configure and compiles software with the correct options. It also includes
some patches for various software, mainly the ones involved in the
<p>As mentioned above, Buildroot is basically a set of Makefiles that downloads,
configures and compiles software with the correct options. It also includes
patches for various software packages &mdash; mainly the ones involved in the
cross-compilation tool chain (<code>gcc</code>, <code>binutils</code> and
uClibc). </p>
<code>uClibc</code>). </p>
<p>There is basically one Makefile per software, and they are named with
<p>There is basically one Makefile per software package, and they are named with
the <code>.mk</code> extension. Makefiles are split into four
sections:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>project</b> (in the <code>project/</code> directory) contains
the Makefiles and associated files for all software related to the
building several root file systems in the same buildroot tree. </li>
<li><b>toolchain</b> (in the <code>toolchain/</code> directory) contains
the Makefiles and associated files for all software related to the
cross-compilation toolchain : <code>binutils</code>, <code>ccache</code>,
cross-compilation toolchain: <code>binutils</code>, <code>ccache</code>,
<code>gcc</code>, <code>gdb</code>, <code>kernel-headers</code> and
<code>uClibc</code>. </li>
@ -528,27 +539,27 @@ $(ZLIB_DIR)/libz.a: $(ZLIB_DIR)/.configured
<li><b>target</b> (in the <code>target</code> directory) contains the
Makefiles and associated files for software related to the generation of
the target root filesystem image. Four types of filesystems are supported
: ext2, jffs2, cramfs and squashfs. For each of them, there's a
the target root filesystem image. Four types of filesystems are supported:
ext2, jffs2, cramfs and squashfs. For each of them there is a
sub-directory with the required files. There is also a
<code>default/</code> directory that contains the target filesystem
skeleton. </li>
</ul>
<p>Each directory contains at least 2 files :</p>
<p>Each directory contains at least 2 files:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>something.mk</code> is the Makefile that downloads, configures,
compiles and installs the software <code>something</code>. </li>
compiles and installs the package <code>something</code>. </li>
<li><code>Config.in</code> is a part of the configuration tool
description file. It describes the option related to the current
software. </li>
description file. It describes the options related to the
package. </li>
</ul>
<p>The main Makefile do the job through the following steps (once the
configuration is done) :</p>
<p>The main Makefile performs the following steps (once the
configuration is done):</p>
<ol>
@ -559,14 +570,14 @@ $(ZLIB_DIR)/libz.a: $(ZLIB_DIR)/.configured
<li>Generate all the targets listed in the
<code>BASE_TARGETS</code> variable. When an internal toolchain
is used, it means generating the cross-compilation
toolchain. When an external toolchain is used, it means checking
is used, this means generating the cross-compilation
toolchain. When an external toolchain is used, this means checking
the features of the external toolchain and importing it into the
Buildroot environment.</li>
<li>Generate all the targets listed in the <code>TARGETS</code>
variable. This variable is filled by all the individual
components Makefiles. So, generating all these targets will
components' Makefiles. Generating these targets will
trigger the compilation of the userspace packages (libraries,
programs), the kernel, the bootloader and the generation of the
root filesystem images, depending on the configuration.</li>
@ -577,15 +588,14 @@ $(ZLIB_DIR)/libz.a: $(ZLIB_DIR)/.configured
Creating your own board support</h2>
<p>Creating your own board support in Buildroot allows you to have
a convenient place to store the Busybox, uClibc, kernel
configurations, your target filesystem skeleton, and a Buildroot
configuration that match your project.</p>
a convenient place to store your project's target filesystem skeleton
and configuration files for Buildroot, Busybox, uClibc, and the kernel.
<p>Follow these steps to integrate your board in Buildroot:</p>
<ol>
<li>Create a new directory in <code>target/device/</code>, named
<li>Create a new directory in <code>target/device/</code> named
after your company or organization</li>
<li>Add a line <code>source
@ -595,8 +605,7 @@ $(ZLIB_DIR)/libz.a: $(ZLIB_DIR)/.configured
<li>In <code>target/device/yourcompany/</code>, create a
directory for your project. This way, you'll be able to store
several projects of your company/organization inside
Buildroot.</li>
several of your company's projects inside Buildroot.</li>
<li>Create a <code>target/device/yourcompany/Config.in</code>
file that looks like the following:
@ -615,7 +624,7 @@ config BR2_TARGET_COMPANY_PROJECT_FOOBAR
endif
</pre>
Of course, customize the different values to match your
Of course, you should customize the different values to match your
company/organization and your project. This file will create a
menu entry that contains the different projects of your
company/organization.</li>
@ -630,11 +639,11 @@ endif
</pre>
</li>
<li>Now, create the
<li>Create the
<code>target/device/yourcompany/project-foobar/Makefile.in</code>
file. It is first recommended to define a
file. It is recommended that you define a
<code>BOARD_PATH</code> variable set to
<code>target/device/yourcompany/project-foobar</code>, as it
<code>target/device/yourcompany/project-foobar</code> as it
will simplify further definitions. Then, the file might define
one or several of the following variables:
@ -644,12 +653,12 @@ endif
the target skeleton for your project. If this variable is
defined, this target skeleton will be used instead of the
default one. If defined, the convention is to define it to
<code>$(BOARD_PATH)/target_skeleton</code>, so that the target
skeletonn is stored in the board specific directory.</li>
<code>$(BOARD_PATH)/target_skeleton</code> so that the target
skeleton is stored in the board specific directory.</li>
<li><code>TARGET_DEVICE_TABLE</code> to a file that contains
the target device table, i.e the list of device files (in
<code>/dev/</code>) created by the root filesystem building
the target device table &mdash; the list of device files (in
<code>/dev/</code>) to be created by the root filesystem build
procedure. If this variable is defined, the given device table
will be used instead of the default one. If defined, the
convention is to define it to
@ -661,14 +670,14 @@ endif
</li>
<li>Then, in the
<li>In the
<code>target/device/yourcompany/project-foobar/</code>
directory, you can store configuration files for the kernel,
for Busybox or uClibc.
directory you can store configuration files for the kernel,
Busybox or uClibc.
You can furthermore create one or more preconfigured configuration
files, referencing those files. These config files are named
<code>something_defconfig</config> and are stored in the toplevel
<code>something_defconfig</code> and are stored in the toplevel
<code>configs/</code> directory. Your users will then be able
to run <code>make something_defconfig</code> and get the right
configuration for your project</li>
@ -678,52 +687,45 @@ endif
<h2><a name="using_toolchain" id="using_toolchain"></a>Using the
generated toolchain outside Buildroot</h2>
<p>You may want to compile your own programs or other software
that are not packaged in Buildroot. In order to do this, you can
<p>You may want to compile for your target your own programs or other software
that are not packaged in Buildroot. In order to do this you can
use the toolchain that was generated by Buildroot. </p>
<p>The toolchain generated by Buildroot by default is located in
<p>The toolchain generated by Buildroot is located by default in
<code>output/staging/</code>. The simplest way to use it
is to add <code>output/staging/usr/bin/</code> to your PATH
environnement variable, and then to use
environnement variable and then to use
<code>ARCH-linux-gcc</code>, <code>ARCH-linux-objdump</code>,
<code>ARCH-linux-ld</code>, etc. </p>
<p>The easiest way is of course to add the
<code>output/staging/usr/bin/</code> directory to your PATH
environment variable.</p>
<p><b>Important</b>: do not try to move a gcc-3.x toolchain to another
directory &mdash; it won't work because there are some hardcoded paths in the
gcc-3.x configuration. If you are using a current gcc-4.x, it
is possible to relocate the toolchain &mdash; but then
<code>--sysroot</code> must be passed every time the compiler is
called to tell where the libraries and header files are.</p>
<p><b>Important</b> : do not try to move a gcc-3.x toolchain to an other
directory, it won't work. There are some hardcoded paths in the
<i>gcc</i> configuration. If you are using a current gcc-4.x, it
is possible to relocate the toolchain, but then
<code>--sysroot</code> must be passed every time the compiler is
called to tell where the libraries and header files are, which
might be cumbersome.</p>
<p>It is also possible to generate the Buildroot toolchain in
another directory than <code>output/staging</code> using the
<code>Build options -&gt; Toolchain and header file
location</code> option. This could be useful if the toolchain
must be shared with other users.</p>
<p>It is also possible to generate the Buildroot toolchain in
a directory other than <code>output/staging</code> by using the
<code>Build options -&gt; Toolchain and header file
location</code> options. This could be useful if the toolchain
must be shared with other users.</p>
<h2><a name="downloaded_packages"
id="downloaded_packages"></a>Location of downloaded packages</h2>
<p>It might be useful to know that the various tarballs that are
downloaded by the <i>Makefiles</i> are all stored in the
downloaded by the Makefiles are all stored in the
<code>DL_DIR</code> which by default is the <code>dl</code>
directory. It's useful for example if you want to keep a complete
directory. It's useful, for example, if you want to keep a complete
version of Buildroot which is know to be working with the
associated tarballs. This will allow you to regenerate the
toolchain and the target filesystem with exactly the same
versions. </p>
<p>If you maintain several buildroot trees, it might be better to have
<p>If you maintain several Buildroot trees, it might be better to have
a shared download location. This can be accessed by creating a symbolic link
from the <code>dl</code> directory to the shared download location. </p>
<p>I.E:</p>
from the <code>dl</code> directory to the shared download location: </p>
<pre>
ln -s &lt;shared download location&gt; dl
@ -759,7 +761,7 @@ toolchain</i>.</p>
<li>Adjust the <code>External toolchain path</code>
appropriately. It should be set to a path where a bin/ directory
contains your cross-compiling tools</li>
<li>Adjust the <code>External toolchain prefix</code>, so that the
<li>Adjust the <code>External toolchain prefix</code> so that the
prefix, suffixed with <code>-gcc</code> or <code>-ld</code> will
correspond to your cross-compiling tools</li>
</ul>
@ -773,8 +775,8 @@ according to your cross-compiling toolchain.</p>
<p>To generate external toolchains, we recommend using <a
href="http://ymorin.is-a-geek.org/dokuwiki/projects/crosstool">Crosstool-NG</a>.
It allows to generate toolchains based on <i>uClibc</i>, <i>glibc</i>
and <i>eglibc</i> for a wide range of architectures, and has good
It allows generating toolchains based on <i>uClibc</i>, <i>glibc</i>
and <i>eglibc</i> for a wide range of architectures and has good
community support.</p>
<h2><a name="add_software" id="add_software"></a>Extending Buildroot with
@ -791,9 +793,9 @@ community support.</p>
<h3><code>Config.in</code> file</h3>
<p>Then, create a file named <code>Config.in</code>. This file
will contain the portion of options description related to our
will contain the option descriptions related to our
<code>foo</code> software that will be used and displayed in the
configuration tool. It should basically contain :</p>
configuration tool. It should basically contain:</p>
<pre>
config BR2_PACKAGE_FOO
@ -817,24 +819,24 @@ source "package/procps/Config.in"
Generally all packages should live <em>directly</em> in the
<code>package</code> directory to make it easier to find them.
</p>
<h3>The real <i>Makefile</i></h3>
<h3>The real Makefile</h3>
<p>Finally, here's the hardest part. Create a file named
<code>foo.mk</code>. It will contain the <i>Makefile</i> rules that
<code>foo.mk</code>. It will contain the Makefile rules that
are in charge of downloading, configuring, compiling and installing
the software.</p>
<p>Two types of <i>Makefiles</i> can be written&nbsp;:</p>
<p>Two types of Makefiles can be written&nbsp;:</p>
<ul>
<li>Makefiles for autotools-based (autoconf, automake, etc.)
softwares, are very easy to write thanks to the infrastructure
software are very easy to write thanks to the infrastructure
available in <code>package/Makefile.autotools.in</code>.</li>
<li>Makefiles for other types of packages are a little bit more
complex to write.</li>
</ul>
<p>First, let's see how to write a <i>Makefile</i> for an
<p>First, let's see how to write a Makefile for an
autotools-based package, with an example&nbsp;:</p>
<pre>
@ -854,9 +856,9 @@ source "package/procps/Config.in"
</pre>
<p>On <a href="#ex1line6">line 6</a>, we declare the version of
the package. On line <a href="#ex1line7">7</a> and <a
the package. On lines <a href="#ex1line7">7</a> and <a
href="#ex1line8">8</a>, we declare the name of the tarball and the
location of the tarball on the Web. Buildroot will automatically
location of the tarball on the web. Buildroot will automatically
download the tarball from this location.</p>
<p>On <a href="#ex1line9">line 9</a>, we tell Buildroot to install
@ -869,18 +871,18 @@ source "package/procps/Config.in"
<p>On <a href="#ex1line10">line 10</a>, we tell Buildroot to also
install the application to the target directory. This directory
contains what will become the root filesystem running on the
target. Usually, we try not to install the documentation, and to
install stripped versions of the binary. By default, packages are
target. Usually, we try to install stripped binaries and
to not install the documentation. By default, packages are
installed in this location using the <code>make
install-strip</code> command.</p>
<p>On <a href="#ex1line11">line 11</a>, we tell Buildroot to pass
a custom configure option, that will be passed to the
<code>./configure</code> script before configuring and building
a custom configure option to the
<code>./configure</code> script when configuring the
the package.</p>
<p>On <a href="#ex1line12">line 12</a>, we declare our
dependencies, so that they are built before the build process of
dependencies so that they are built before the build process of
our package starts.</p>
<p>Finally, on line <a href="#ex1line13">line 13</a>, we invoke
@ -958,92 +960,93 @@ source "package/procps/Config.in"
</pre>
<p>First of all, this <i>Makefile</i> example works for a single
binary software. For other software such as libraries or more
complex stuff with multiple binaries, it should be adapted. Look at
<p>First of all, this Makefile example works for a package which comprises a single
binary executable. For other software, such as libraries or more
complex stuff with multiple binaries, it must be adapted. For examples look at
the other <code>*.mk</code> files in the <code>package</code>
directory. </p>
<p>At lines <a href="#ex2line6">6-11</a>, a couple of useful variables are
defined :</p>
defined:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>FOO_VERSION</code> : The version of <i>foo</i> that
<li><code>FOO_VERSION</code>: The version of <i>foo</i> that
should be downloaded. </li>
<li><code>FOO_SOURCE</code> : The name of the tarball of
<i>foo</i> on the download website of FTP site. As you can see
<li><code>FOO_SOURCE</code>: The name of the tarball of
<i>foo</i> on the download website or FTP site. As you can see
<code>FOO_VERSION</code> is used. </li>
<li><code>FOO_SITE</code> : The HTTP or FTP site from which
<li><code>FOO_SITE</code>: The HTTP or FTP site from which
<i>foo</i> archive is downloaded. It must include the complete
path to the directory where <code>FOO_SOURCE</code> can be
found. </li>
<li><code>FOO_DIR</code> : The directory into which the software
<li><code>FOO_DIR</code>: The directory into which the software
will be configured and compiled. Basically, it's a subdirectory
of <code>BUILD_DIR</code> which is created upon decompression of
the tarball. </li>
<li><code>FOO_BINARY</code> : Software binary name. As said
previously, this is an example for a single binary software. </li>
<li><code>FOO_BINARY</code>: Software binary name. As said
previously, this is an example for a package with a single binary.</li>
<li><code>FOO_TARGET_BINARY</code> : The full path of the binary
<li><code>FOO_TARGET_BINARY</code>: The full path of the binary
inside the target filesystem. </li>
</ul>
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line13">13-14</a> defines a target that downloads the
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line13">13-14</a> define a target that downloads the
tarball from the remote site to the download directory
(<code>DL_DIR</code>). </p>
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line16">16-18</a> defines a target and associated rules
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line16">16-18</a> define a target and associated rules
that uncompress the downloaded tarball. As you can see, this target
depends on the tarball file, so that the previous target (line
depends on the tarball file so that the previous target (lines
<a href="#ex2line13">13-14</a>) is called before executing the rules of the
current target. Uncompressing is followed by <i>touching</i> a hidden file
to mark the software has having been uncompressed. This trick is
used everywhere in Buildroot <i>Makefile</i> to split steps
to mark the software as having been uncompressed. This trick is
used everywhere in a Buildroot Makefile to split steps
(download, uncompress, configure, compile, install) while still
having correct dependencies. </p>
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line20">20-31</a> defines a target and associated rules
that configures the software. It depends on the previous target (the
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line20">20-31</a> define a target and associated rules
that configure the software. It depends on the previous target (the
hidden <code>.source</code> file) so that we are sure the software has
been uncompressed. In order to configure it, it basically runs the
been uncompressed. In order to configure the package, it basically runs the
well-known <code>./configure</code> script. As we may be doing
cross-compilation, <code>target</code>, <code>host</code> and
<code>build</code> arguments are given. The prefix is also set to
<code>/usr</code>, not because the software will be installed in
<code>/usr</code> on your host system, but in the target
<code>/usr</code> on your host system, but because the software will
bin installed in <code>/usr</code> on the target
filesystem. Finally it creates a <code>.configured</code> file to
mark the software as configured. </p>
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line33">33-34</a> defines a target and a rule that
compiles the software. This target will create the binary file in the
compilation directory, and depends on the software being already
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line33">33-34</a> define a target and a rule that
compile the software. This target will create the binary file in the
compilation directory and depends on the software being already
configured (hence the reference to the <code>.configured</code>
file). It basically runs <code>make</code> inside the source
directory. </p>
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line36">36-38</a> defines a target and associated rules
that install the software inside the target filesystem. It depends on the
binary file in the source directory, to make sure the software has
been compiled. It uses the <code>install-strip</code> target of the
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line36">36-38</a> define a target and associated rules
that install the software inside the target filesystem. They depend on the
binary file in the source directory to make sure the software has
been compiled. They use the <code>install-strip</code> target of the
software <code>Makefile</code> by passing a <code>DESTDIR</code>
argument, so that the <code>Makefile</code> doesn't try to install
the software inside host <code>/usr</code> but inside target
argument so that the <code>Makefile</code> doesn't try to install
the software in the host <code>/usr</code> but rather in the target
<code>/usr</code>. After the installation, the
<code>/usr/man</code> directory inside the target filesystem is
removed to save space. </p>
<p>Line <a href="#ex2line40">40</a> defines the main target of the software,
<p>Line <a href="#ex2line40">40</a> defines the main target of the software &mdash;
the one that will be eventually be used by the top level
<code>Makefile</code> to download, compile, and then install
this package. This target should first of all depends on all
needed dependecies of the software (in our example,
<i>uclibc</i> and <i>ncurses</i>), and also depend on the
this package. This target should first of all depend on all
needed dependencies of the software (in our example,
<i>uclibc</i> and <i>ncurses</i>) and also depend on the
final binary. This last dependency will call all previous
dependencies in the correct order. </p>
@ -1056,7 +1059,7 @@ source "package/procps/Config.in"
if all package-sources are downloadable. </p>
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line44">44-46</a> define a simple target to clean the
software build by calling the <i>Makefiles</i> with the appropriate option.
software build by calling the Makefiles with the appropriate option.
The <code>-clean</code> target should run <code>make clean</code>
on $(BUILD_DIR)/package-version and MUST uninstall all files of the
package from $(STAGING_DIR) and from $(TARGET_DIR). </p>
@ -1066,11 +1069,11 @@ source "package/procps/Config.in"
compiled. The <code>-dirclean</code> target MUST completely rm $(BUILD_DIR)/
package-version. </p>
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line51">51-58</a> adds the target <code>foo</code> to
<p>Lines <a href="#ex2line51">51-58</a> add the target <code>foo</code> to
the list of targets to be compiled by Buildroot by first checking if
the configuration option for this package has been enabled
using the configuration tool, and if so then &quot;subscribes&quot;
this package to be compiled by adding it to the TARGETS
using the configuration tool. If so, it then &quot;subscribes&quot;
this package to be compiled by adding the package to the TARGETS
global variable. The name added to the TARGETS global
variable is the name of this package's target, as defined on
line <a href="#ex2line40">40</a>, which is used by Buildroot to download,
@ -1079,13 +1082,13 @@ source "package/procps/Config.in"
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>As you can see, adding a software to buildroot is simply a
matter of writing a <i>Makefile</i> using an already existing
example and to modify it according to the compilation process of
the software. </p>
<p>As you can see, adding a software package to Buildroot is simply a
matter of writing a Makefile using an existing
example and modifying it according to the compilation process required by
the package. </p>
<p>If you package software that might be useful for other persons,
don't forget to send a patch to Buildroot developers !</p>
<p>If you package software that might be useful for other people,
don't forget to send a patch to Buildroot developers!</p>
<h2><a name="links" id="links"></a>Resources</h2>