213 lines
6.3 KiB
ReStructuredText
213 lines
6.3 KiB
ReStructuredText
The MicroPython Interactive Interpreter Mode (aka REPL)
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=======================================================
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This section covers some characteristics of the MicroPython Interactive
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Interpreter Mode. A commonly used term for this is REPL (read-eval-print-loop)
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which will be used to refer to this interactive prompt.
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Auto-indent
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-----------
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When typing python statements which end in a colon (for example if, for, while)
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then the prompt will change to three dots (...) and the cursor will be indented
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by 4 spaces. When you press return, the next line will continue at the same
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level of indentation for regular statements or an additional level of indentation
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where appropriate. If you press the backspace key then it will undo one
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level of indentation.
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If your cursor is all the way back at the beginning, pressing RETURN will then
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execute the code that you've entered. The following shows what you'd see
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after entering a for statement (the underscore shows where the cursor winds up):
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>>> for i in range(30):
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... _
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If you then enter an if statement, an additional level of indentation will be
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provided:
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>>> for i in range(30):
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... if i > 3:
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... _
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Now enter ``break`` followed by RETURN and press BACKSPACE:
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>>> for i in range(30):
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... if i > 3:
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... break
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... _
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Finally type ``print(i)``, press RETURN, press BACKSPACE and press RETURN again:
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>>> for i in range(30):
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... if i > 3:
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... break
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... print(i)
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...
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0
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1
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2
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3
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>>>
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Auto-indent won't be applied if the previous two lines were all spaces. This
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means that you can finish entering a compound statement by pressing RETURN
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twice, and then a third press will finish and execute.
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Auto-completion
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---------------
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While typing a command at the REPL, if the line typed so far corresponds to
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the beginning of the name of something, then pressing TAB will show
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possible things that could be entered. For example, first import the machine
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module by entering ``import machine`` and pressing RETURN.
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Then type ``m`` and press TAB and it should expand to ``machine``.
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Enter a dot ``.`` and press TAB again. You should see something like:
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>>> machine.
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__name__ info unique_id reset
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bootloader freq rng idle
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sleep deepsleep disable_irq enable_irq
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Pin
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The word will be expanded as much as possible until multiple possibilities exist.
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For example, type ``machine.Pin.AF3`` and press TAB and it will expand to
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``machine.Pin.AF3_TIM``. Pressing TAB a second time will show the possible
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expansions:
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>>> machine.Pin.AF3_TIM
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AF3_TIM10 AF3_TIM11 AF3_TIM8 AF3_TIM9
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>>> machine.Pin.AF3_TIM
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Interrupting a running program
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------------------------------
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You can interrupt a running program by pressing Ctrl-C. This will raise a KeyboardInterrupt
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which will bring you back to the REPL, providing your program doesn't intercept the
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KeyboardInterrupt exception.
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For example:
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>>> for i in range(1000000):
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... print(i)
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...
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0
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1
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2
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3
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...
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6466
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6467
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6468
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
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KeyboardInterrupt:
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>>>
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Paste mode
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----------
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If you want to paste some code into your terminal window, the auto-indent feature
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will mess things up. For example, if you had the following python code: ::
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def foo():
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print('This is a test to show paste mode')
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print('Here is a second line')
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foo()
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and you try to paste this into the normal REPL, then you will see something like
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this:
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>>> def foo():
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... print('This is a test to show paste mode')
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... print('Here is a second line')
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... foo()
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...
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Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "<stdin>", line 3
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IndentationError: unexpected indent
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If you press Ctrl-E, then you will enter paste mode, which essentially turns off
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the auto-indent feature, and changes the prompt from ``>>>`` to ``===``. For example:
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>>>
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paste mode; Ctrl-C to cancel, Ctrl-D to finish
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=== def foo():
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=== print('This is a test to show paste mode')
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=== print('Here is a second line')
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=== foo()
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===
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This is a test to show paste mode
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Here is a second line
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>>>
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Paste Mode allows blank lines to be pasted. The pasted text is compiled as if
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it were a file. Pressing Ctrl-D exits paste mode and initiates the compilation.
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Soft reset
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----------
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A soft reset will reset the python interpreter, but tries not to reset the
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method by which you're connected to the MicroPython board (USB-serial, or Wifi).
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You can perform a soft reset from the REPL by pressing Ctrl-D, or from your python
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code by executing: ::
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machine.soft_reset()
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For example, if you reset your MicroPython board, and you execute a dir()
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command, you'd see something like this:
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>>> dir()
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['__name__', 'pyb']
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Now create some variables and repeat the dir() command:
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>>> i = 1
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>>> j = 23
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>>> x = 'abc'
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>>> dir()
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['j', 'x', '__name__', 'pyb', 'i']
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>>>
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Now if you enter Ctrl-D, and repeat the dir() command, you'll see that your
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variables no longer exist:
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.. code-block:: python
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MPY: sync filesystems
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MPY: soft reboot
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MicroPython v1.5-51-g6f70283-dirty on 2015-10-30; PYBv1.0 with STM32F405RG
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Type "help()" for more information.
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>>> dir()
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['__name__', 'pyb']
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>>>
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The special variable _ (underscore)
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-----------------------------------
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When you use the REPL, you may perform computations and see the results.
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MicroPython stores the results of the previous statement in the variable _ (underscore).
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So you can use the underscore to save the result in a variable. For example:
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>>> 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
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15
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>>> x = _
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>>> x
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15
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>>>
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Raw mode
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--------
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Raw mode is not something that a person would normally use. It is intended for
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programmatic use. It essentially behaves like paste mode with echo turned off.
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Raw mode is entered using Ctrl-A. You then send your python code, followed by
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a Ctrl-D. The Ctrl-D will be acknowledged by 'OK' and then the python code will
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be compiled and executed. Any output (or errors) will be sent back. Entering
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Ctrl-B will leave raw mode and return the the regular (aka friendly) REPL.
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The ``tools/pyboard.py`` program uses the raw REPL to execute python files on the
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MicroPython board.
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