1/ Introduce ZONE_DEVICE and devm_memremap_pages() as a generic
mechanism for adding device-driver-discovered memory regions to the
kernel's direct map. This facility is used by the pmem driver to
enable pfn_to_page() operations on the page frames returned by DAX
('direct_access' in 'struct block_device_operations'). For now, the
'memmap' allocation for these "device" pages comes from "System
RAM". Support for allocating the memmap from device memory will
arrive in a later kernel.
2/ Introduce memremap() to replace usages of ioremap_cache() and
ioremap_wt(). memremap() drops the __iomem annotation for these
mappings to memory that do not have i/o side effects. The
replacement of ioremap_cache() with memremap() is limited to the
pmem driver to ease merging the api change in v4.3. Completion of
the conversion is targeted for v4.4.
3/ Similar to the usage of memcpy_to_pmem() + wmb_pmem() in the pmem
driver, update the VFS DAX implementation and PMEM api to provide
persistence guarantees for kernel operations on a DAX mapping.
4/ Convert the ACPI NFIT 'BLK' driver to map the block apertures as
cacheable to improve performance.
5/ Miscellaneous updates and fixes to libnvdimm including support
for issuing "address range scrub" commands, clarifying the optimal
'sector size' of pmem devices, a clarification of the usage of the
ACPI '_STA' (status) property for DIMM devices, and other minor
fixes.
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Merge tag 'libnvdimm-for-4.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
Pull libnvdimm updates from Dan Williams:
"This update has successfully completed a 0day-kbuild run and has
appeared in a linux-next release. The changes outside of the typical
drivers/nvdimm/ and drivers/acpi/nfit.[ch] paths are related to the
removal of IORESOURCE_CACHEABLE, the introduction of memremap(), and
the introduction of ZONE_DEVICE + devm_memremap_pages().
Summary:
- Introduce ZONE_DEVICE and devm_memremap_pages() as a generic
mechanism for adding device-driver-discovered memory regions to the
kernel's direct map.
This facility is used by the pmem driver to enable pfn_to_page()
operations on the page frames returned by DAX ('direct_access' in
'struct block_device_operations').
For now, the 'memmap' allocation for these "device" pages comes
from "System RAM". Support for allocating the memmap from device
memory will arrive in a later kernel.
- Introduce memremap() to replace usages of ioremap_cache() and
ioremap_wt(). memremap() drops the __iomem annotation for these
mappings to memory that do not have i/o side effects. The
replacement of ioremap_cache() with memremap() is limited to the
pmem driver to ease merging the api change in v4.3.
Completion of the conversion is targeted for v4.4.
- Similar to the usage of memcpy_to_pmem() + wmb_pmem() in the pmem
driver, update the VFS DAX implementation and PMEM api to provide
persistence guarantees for kernel operations on a DAX mapping.
- Convert the ACPI NFIT 'BLK' driver to map the block apertures as
cacheable to improve performance.
- Miscellaneous updates and fixes to libnvdimm including support for
issuing "address range scrub" commands, clarifying the optimal
'sector size' of pmem devices, a clarification of the usage of the
ACPI '_STA' (status) property for DIMM devices, and other minor
fixes"
* tag 'libnvdimm-for-4.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm: (34 commits)
libnvdimm, pmem: direct map legacy pmem by default
libnvdimm, pmem: 'struct page' for pmem
libnvdimm, pfn: 'struct page' provider infrastructure
x86, pmem: clarify that ARCH_HAS_PMEM_API implies PMEM mapped WB
add devm_memremap_pages
mm: ZONE_DEVICE for "device memory"
mm: move __phys_to_pfn and __pfn_to_phys to asm/generic/memory_model.h
dax: drop size parameter to ->direct_access()
nd_blk: change aperture mapping from WC to WB
nvdimm: change to use generic kvfree()
pmem, dax: have direct_access use __pmem annotation
dax: update I/O path to do proper PMEM flushing
pmem: add copy_from_iter_pmem() and clear_pmem()
pmem, x86: clean up conditional pmem includes
pmem: remove layer when calling arch_has_wmb_pmem()
pmem, x86: move x86 PMEM API to new pmem.h header
libnvdimm, e820: make CONFIG_X86_PMEM_LEGACY a tristate option
pmem: switch to devm_ allocations
devres: add devm_memremap
libnvdimm, btt: write and validate parent_uuid
...
struct node_active_region is not used anymore. Remove it.
Signed-off-by: minkyung88.kim <minkyung88.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
While pmem is usable as a block device or via DAX mappings to userspace
there are several usage scenarios that can not target pmem due to its
lack of struct page coverage. In preparation for "hot plugging" pmem
into the vmemmap add ZONE_DEVICE as a new zone to tag these pages
separately from the ones that are subject to standard page allocations.
Importantly "device memory" can be removed at will by userspace
unbinding the driver of the device.
Having a separate zone prevents allocation and otherwise marks these
pages that are distinct from typical uniform memory. Device memory has
different lifetime and performance characteristics than RAM. However,
since we have run out of ZONES_SHIFT bits this functionality currently
depends on sacrificing ZONE_DMA.
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <j.glisse@gmail.com>
[hch: various simplifications in the arch interface]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
This patch initalises all low memory struct pages and 2G of the highest
zone on each node during memory initialisation if
CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT is set. That config option cannot be set
but will be available in a later patch. Parallel initialisation of struct
page depends on some features from memory hotplug and it is necessary to
alter alter section annotations.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Tested-by: Nate Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com>
Tested-by: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hp.com>
Tested-by: Daniel J Blueman <daniel@numascale.com>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Robin Holt <robinmholt@gmail.com>
Cc: Nate Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hp.com>
Cc: Scott Norton <scott.norton@hp.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
early_pfn_in_nid() and meminit_pfn_in_nid() are small functions that are
unnecessarily visible outside memory initialisation. As well as
unnecessary visibility, it's unnecessary function call overhead when
initialising pages. This patch moves the helpers inline.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
[mhocko@suse.cz: fix build]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Tested-by: Nate Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com>
Tested-by: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hp.com>
Tested-by: Daniel J Blueman <daniel@numascale.com>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Robin Holt <robinmholt@gmail.com>
Cc: Nate Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hp.com>
Cc: Scott Norton <scott.norton@hp.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
__early_pfn_to_nid() use static variables to cache recent lookups as
memblock lookups are very expensive but it assumes that memory
initialisation is single-threaded. Parallel initialisation of struct
pages will break that assumption so this patch makes __early_pfn_to_nid()
SMP-safe by requiring the caller to cache recent search information.
early_pfn_to_nid() keeps the same interface but is only safe to use early
in boot due to the use of a global static variable. meminit_pfn_in_nid()
is an SMP-safe version that callers must maintain their own state for.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Tested-by: Nate Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com>
Tested-by: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hp.com>
Tested-by: Daniel J Blueman <daniel@numascale.com>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Robin Holt <robinmholt@gmail.com>
Cc: Nate Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hp.com>
Cc: Scott Norton <scott.norton@hp.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
All callers of zone_movable_is_highmem are under #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM,
so the else branch return 0 is not needed.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Zhen <zhenzhang.zhang@huawei.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Huang Ying reported the following problem due to commit 3484b2de94 ("mm:
rearrange zone fields into read-only, page alloc, statistics and page
reclaim lines") from the Intel performance tests
24b7e5819a3484b2de94
---------------- --------------------------
%stddev %change %stddev
\ | \
152288 \261 0% -46.2% 81911 \261 0% aim7.jobs-per-min
237 \261 0% +85.6% 440 \261 0% aim7.time.elapsed_time
237 \261 0% +85.6% 440 \261 0% aim7.time.elapsed_time.max
25026 \261 0% +70.7% 42712 \261 0% aim7.time.system_time
2186645 \261 5% +32.0% 2885949 \261 4% aim7.time.voluntary_context_switches
4576561 \261 1% +24.9% 5715773 \261 0% aim7.time.involuntary_context_switches
The problem is specific to very large machines under stress. It was not
reproducible with the machines I had used to justify the original patch
because large numbers of CPUs are required. When pressure is high enough,
the cache line is bouncing between CPUs trying to acquire the lock and the
holder of the lock adjusting free lists. The intention was that the
acquirer of the lock would automatically have the cache line holding the
free lists but according to Huang, this is not a universal win.
One possibility is to move the zone lock to its own cache line but it
increases the size of the zone. This patch moves the lock to the other
end of the free lists where they do not contend under high pressure. It
does mean the page allocator paths now require more cache lines but Huang
reports that it restores performance to previous levels on large machines
%stddev %change %stddev
\ | \
84568 \261 1% +94.3% 164280 \261 1% aim7.jobs-per-min
2881944 \261 2% -35.1% 1870386 \261 8% aim7.time.voluntary_context_switches
681 \261 1% -3.4% 658 \261 0% aim7.time.user_time
5538139 \261 0% -12.1% 4867884 \261 0% aim7.time.involuntary_context_switches
44174 \261 1% -46.0% 23848 \261 1% aim7.time.system_time
426 \261 1% -48.4% 219 \261 1% aim7.time.elapsed_time
426 \261 1% -48.4% 219 \261 1% aim7.time.elapsed_time.max
468 \261 1% -43.1% 266 \261 2% uptime.boot
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reported-by: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Tested-by: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
next_zones_zonelist() returns a zoneref pointer, as well as a zone pointer
via extra parameter. Since the latter can be trivially obtained by
dereferencing the former, the overhead of the extra parameter is
unjustified.
This patch thus removes the zone parameter from next_zones_zonelist().
Both callers happen to be in the same header file, so it's simple to add
the zoneref dereference inline. We save some bytes of code size.
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 0/3 up/down: 0/-105 (-105)
function old new delta
nr_free_zone_pages 129 115 -14
__alloc_pages_nodemask 2300 2285 -15
get_page_from_freelist 2652 2576 -76
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 1/0 up/down: 10/0 (10)
function old new delta
try_to_compact_pages 569 579 +10
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: "Aneesh Kumar K.V" <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Found it when I want to jump to the definition of MIGRATE_RESERVE ctags.
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When we debug something, we'd like to insert some information to every
page. For this purpose, we sometimes modify struct page itself. But,
this has drawbacks. First, it requires re-compile. This makes us
hesitate to use the powerful debug feature so development process is
slowed down. And, second, sometimes it is impossible to rebuild the
kernel due to third party module dependency. At third, system behaviour
would be largely different after re-compile, because it changes size of
struct page greatly and this structure is accessed by every part of
kernel. Keeping this as it is would be better to reproduce errornous
situation.
This feature is intended to overcome above mentioned problems. This
feature allocates memory for extended data per page in certain place
rather than the struct page itself. This memory can be accessed by the
accessor functions provided by this code. During the boot process, it
checks whether allocation of huge chunk of memory is needed or not. If
not, it avoids allocating memory at all. With this advantage, we can
include this feature into the kernel in default and can avoid rebuild and
solve related problems.
Until now, memcg uses this technique. But, now, memcg decides to embed
their variable to struct page itself and it's code to extend struct page
has been removed. I'd like to use this code to develop debug feature, so
this patch resurrect it.
To help these things to work well, this patch introduces two callbacks for
clients. One is the need callback which is mandatory if user wants to
avoid useless memory allocation at boot-time. The other is optional, init
callback, which is used to do proper initialization after memory is
allocated. Detailed explanation about purpose of these functions is in
code comment. Please refer it.
Others are completely same with previous extension code in memcg.
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Jungsoo Son <jungsoo.son@lge.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Memory cgroups used to have 5 per-page pointers. To allow users to
disable that amount of overhead during runtime, those pointers were
allocated in a separate array, with a translation layer between them and
struct page.
There is now only one page pointer remaining: the memcg pointer, that
indicates which cgroup the page is associated with when charged. The
complexity of runtime allocation and the runtime translation overhead is
no longer justified to save that *potential* 0.19% of memory. With
CONFIG_SLUB, page->mem_cgroup actually sits in the doubleword padding
after the page->private member and doesn't even increase struct page,
and then this patch actually saves space. Remaining users that care can
still compile their kernels without CONFIG_MEMCG.
text data bss dec hex filename
8828345 1725264 983040 11536649 b00909 vmlinux.old
8827425 1725264 966656 11519345 afc571 vmlinux.new
[mhocko@suse.cz: update Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Before describing bugs itself, I first explain definition of freepage.
1. pages on buddy list are counted as freepage.
2. pages on isolate migratetype buddy list are *not* counted as freepage.
3. pages on cma buddy list are counted as CMA freepage, too.
Now, I describe problems and related patch.
Patch 1: There is race conditions on getting pageblock migratetype that
it results in misplacement of freepages on buddy list, incorrect
freepage count and un-availability of freepage.
Patch 2: Freepages on pcp list could have stale cached information to
determine migratetype of buddy list to go. This causes misplacement of
freepages on buddy list and incorrect freepage count.
Patch 4: Merging between freepages on different migratetype of
pageblocks will cause freepages accouting problem. This patch fixes it.
Without patchset [3], above problem doesn't happens on my CMA allocation
test, because CMA reserved pages aren't used at all. So there is no
chance for above race.
With patchset [3], I did simple CMA allocation test and get below
result:
- Virtual machine, 4 cpus, 1024 MB memory, 256 MB CMA reservation
- run kernel build (make -j16) on background
- 30 times CMA allocation(8MB * 30 = 240MB) attempts in 5 sec interval
- Result: more than 5000 freepage count are missed
With patchset [3] and this patchset, I found that no freepage count are
missed so that I conclude that problems are solved.
On my simple memory offlining test, these problems also occur on that
environment, too.
This patch (of 4):
There are two paths to reach core free function of buddy allocator,
__free_one_page(), one is free_one_page()->__free_one_page() and the
other is free_hot_cold_page()->free_pcppages_bulk()->__free_one_page().
Each paths has race condition causing serious problems. At first, this
patch is focused on first type of freepath. And then, following patch
will solve the problem in second type of freepath.
In the first type of freepath, we got migratetype of freeing page
without holding the zone lock, so it could be racy. There are two cases
of this race.
1. pages are added to isolate buddy list after restoring orignal
migratetype
CPU1 CPU2
get migratetype => return MIGRATE_ISOLATE
call free_one_page() with MIGRATE_ISOLATE
grab the zone lock
unisolate pageblock
release the zone lock
grab the zone lock
call __free_one_page() with MIGRATE_ISOLATE
freepage go into isolate buddy list,
although pageblock is already unisolated
This may cause two problems. One is that we can't use this page anymore
until next isolation attempt of this pageblock, because freepage is on
isolate buddy list. The other is that freepage accouting could be wrong
due to merging between different buddy list. Freepages on isolate buddy
list aren't counted as freepage, but ones on normal buddy list are
counted as freepage. If merge happens, buddy freepage on normal buddy
list is inevitably moved to isolate buddy list without any consideration
of freepage accouting so it could be incorrect.
2. pages are added to normal buddy list while pageblock is isolated.
It is similar with above case.
This also may cause two problems. One is that we can't keep these
freepages from being allocated. Although this pageblock is isolated,
freepage would be added to normal buddy list so that it could be
allocated without any restriction. And the other problem is same as
case 1, that it, incorrect freepage accouting.
This race condition would be prevented by checking migratetype again
with holding the zone lock. Because it is somewhat heavy operation and
it isn't needed in common case, we want to avoid rechecking as much as
possible. So this patch introduce new variable, nr_isolate_pageblock in
struct zone to check if there is isolated pageblock. With this, we can
avoid to re-check migratetype in common case and do it only if there is
isolated pageblock or migratetype is MIGRATE_ISOLATE. This solve above
mentioned problems.
Changes from v3:
Add one more check in free_one_page() that checks whether migratetype is
MIGRATE_ISOLATE or not. Without this, abovementioned case 1 could happens.
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Laura Abbott <lauraa@codeaurora.org>
Cc: Heesub Shin <heesub.shin@samsung.com>
Cc: "Aneesh Kumar K.V" <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ritesh Harjani <ritesh.list@gmail.com>
Cc: Gioh Kim <gioh.kim@lge.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Page reclaim tests zone_is_reclaim_dirty(), but the site that actually
sets this state does zone_set_flag(zone, ZONE_TAIL_LRU_DIRTY), sending the
reader through layers indirection just to track down a simple bit.
Remove all zone flag wrappers and just use bitops against zone->flags
directly. It's just as readable and the lines are barely any longer.
Also rename ZONE_TAIL_LRU_DIRTY to ZONE_DIRTY to match ZONE_WRITEBACK, and
remove the zone_flags_t typedef.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The fair zone allocation policy round-robins allocations between zones
within a node to avoid age inversion problems during reclaim. If the
first allocation fails, the batch counts are reset and a second attempt
made before entering the slow path.
One assumption made with this scheme is that batches expire at roughly
the same time and the resets each time are justified. This assumption
does not hold when zones reach their low watermark as the batches will
be consumed at uneven rates. Allocation failure due to watermark
depletion result in additional zonelist scans for the reset and another
watermark check before hitting the slowpath.
On UMA, the benefit is negligible -- around 0.25%. On 4-socket NUMA
machine it's variable due to the variability of measuring overhead with
the vmstat changes. The system CPU overhead comparison looks like
3.16.0-rc3 3.16.0-rc3 3.16.0-rc3
vanilla vmstat-v5 lowercost-v5
User 746.94 774.56 802.00
System 65336.22 32847.27 40852.33
Elapsed 27553.52 27415.04 27368.46
However it is worth noting that the overall benchmark still completed
faster and intuitively it makes sense to take as few passes as possible
through the zonelists.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
zone->pages_scanned is a write-intensive cache line during page reclaim
and it's also updated during page free. Move the counter into vmstat to
take advantage of the per-cpu updates and do not update it in the free
paths unless necessary.
On a small UMA machine running tiobench the difference is marginal. On
a 4-node machine the overhead is more noticable. Note that automatic
NUMA balancing was disabled for this test as otherwise the system CPU
overhead is unpredictable.
3.16.0-rc3 3.16.0-rc3 3.16.0-rc3
vanillarearrange-v5 vmstat-v5
User 746.94 759.78 774.56
System 65336.22 58350.98 32847.27
Elapsed 27553.52 27282.02 27415.04
Note that the overhead reduction will vary depending on where exactly
pages are allocated and freed.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The arrangement of struct zone has changed over time and now it has
reached the point where there is some inappropriate sharing going on.
On x86-64 for example
o The zone->node field is shared with the zone lock and zone->node is
accessed frequently from the page allocator due to the fair zone
allocation policy.
o span_seqlock is almost never used by shares a line with free_area
o Some zone statistics share a cache line with the LRU lock so
reclaim-intensive and allocator-intensive workloads can bounce the cache
line on a stat update
This patch rearranges struct zone to put read-only and read-mostly
fields together and then splits the page allocator intensive fields, the
zone statistics and the page reclaim intensive fields into their own
cache lines. Note that the type of lowmem_reserve changes due to the
watermark calculations being signed and avoiding a signed/unsigned
conversion there.
On the test configuration I used the overall size of struct zone shrunk
by one cache line. On smaller machines, this is not likely to be
noticable. However, on a 4-node NUMA machine running tiobench the
system CPU overhead is reduced by this patch.
3.16.0-rc3 3.16.0-rc3
vanillarearrange-v5r9
User 746.94 759.78
System 65336.22 58350.98
Elapsed 27553.52 27282.02
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In original code, zone_movable_is_highmem() assumes ZONE_MOVABLE not
highmem if CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP is not set. In online_pages,
it extracts pages from the previous zone before ZONE_MOVABLE. Which is
logically inconsistent:
If HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP is turned off but HIGHMEM is on,
zone_movable_is_highmem() makes movable zone not highmem, but
online_pages() extracts pages from ZONE_HIGHMEM.
This inconsistency doesn't cause real problem currently, because all
architectures support online_pages also have HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP.
However, fixing it makes code clear, and also helps futher coding.
Signed-off-by: Wang Nan <wangnan0@huawei.com>
Cc: Zhang Zhen <zhangzhen@huawei.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizefan@huawei.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
X86 prefers the use of unsigned types for iterators and there is a
tendency to mix whether a signed or unsigned type if used for page order.
This converts a number of sites in mm/page_alloc.c to use unsigned int for
order where possible.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The test_bit operations in get/set pageblock flags are expensive. This
patch reads the bitmap on a word basis and use shifts and masks to isolate
the bits of interest. Similarly masks are used to set a local copy of the
bitmap and then use cmpxchg to update the bitmap if there have been no
other changes made in parallel.
In a test running dd onto tmpfs the overhead of the pageblock-related
functions went from 1.27% in profiles to 0.5%.
In addition to the performance benefits, this patch closes races that are
possible between:
a) get_ and set_pageblock_migratetype(), where get_pageblock_migratetype()
reads part of the bits before and other part of the bits after
set_pageblock_migratetype() has updated them.
b) set_pageblock_migratetype() and set_pageblock_skip(), where the non-atomic
read-modify-update set bit operation in set_pageblock_skip() will cause
lost updates to some bits changed in the set_pageblock_migratetype().
Joonsoo Kim first reported the case a) via code inspection. Vlastimil
Babka's testing with a debug patch showed that either a) or b) occurs
roughly once per mmtests' stress-highalloc benchmark (although not
necessarily in the same pageblock). Furthermore during development of
unrelated compaction patches, it was observed that frequent calls to
{start,undo}_isolate_page_range() the race occurs several thousands of
times and has resulted in NULL pointer dereferences in move_freepages()
and free_one_page() in places where free_list[migratetype] is
manipulated by e.g. list_move(). Further debugging confirmed that
migratetype had invalid value of 6, causing out of bounds access to the
free_list array.
That confirmed that the race exist, although it may be extremely rare,
and currently only fatal where page isolation is performed due to
memory hot remove. Races on pageblocks being updated by
set_pageblock_migratetype(), where both old and new migratetype are
lower MIGRATE_RESERVE, currently cannot result in an invalid value
being observed, although theoretically they may still lead to
unexpected creation or destruction of MIGRATE_RESERVE pageblocks.
Furthermore, things could get suddenly worse when memory isolation is
used more, or when new migratetypes are added.
After this patch, the race has no longer been observed in testing.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reported-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Reported-and-tested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Each zone has a cached migration scanner pfn for memory compaction so that
subsequent calls to memory compaction can start where the previous call
left off.
Currently, the compaction migration scanner only updates the per-zone
cached pfn when pageblocks were not skipped for async compaction. This
creates a dependency on calling sync compaction to avoid having subsequent
calls to async compaction from scanning an enormous amount of non-MOVABLE
pageblocks each time it is called. On large machines, this could be
potentially very expensive.
This patch adds a per-zone cached migration scanner pfn only for async
compaction. It is updated everytime a pageblock has been scanned in its
entirety and when no pages from it were successfully isolated. The cached
migration scanner pfn for sync compaction is updated only when called for
sync compaction.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
kmem_cache_{create,destroy,shrink} need to get a stable value of
cpu/node online mask, because they init/destroy/access per-cpu/node
kmem_cache parts, which can be allocated or destroyed on cpu/mem
hotplug. To protect against cpu hotplug, these functions use
{get,put}_online_cpus. However, they do nothing to synchronize with
memory hotplug - taking the slab_mutex does not eliminate the
possibility of race as described in patch 2.
What we need there is something like get_online_cpus, but for memory.
We already have lock_memory_hotplug, which serves for the purpose, but
it's a bit of a hammer right now, because it's backed by a mutex. As a
result, it imposes some limitations to locking order, which are not
desirable, and can't be used just like get_online_cpus. That's why in
patch 1 I substitute it with get/put_online_mems, which work exactly
like get/put_online_cpus except they block not cpu, but memory hotplug.
[ v1 can be found at https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/4/6/68. I NAK'ed it by
myself, because it used an rw semaphore for get/put_online_mems,
making them dead lock prune. ]
This patch (of 2):
{un}lock_memory_hotplug, which is used to synchronize against memory
hotplug, is currently backed by a mutex, which makes it a bit of a
hammer - threads that only want to get a stable value of online nodes
mask won't be able to proceed concurrently. Also, it imposes some
strong locking ordering rules on it, which narrows down the set of its
usage scenarios.
This patch introduces get/put_online_mems, which are the same as
get/put_online_cpus, but for memory hotplug, i.e. executing a code
inside a get/put_online_mems section will guarantee a stable value of
online nodes, present pages, etc.
lock_memory_hotplug()/unlock_memory_hotplug() are removed altogether.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@parallels.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
pgdat->reclaim_nodes tracks if a remote node is allowed to be reclaimed
by zone_reclaim due to its distance. As it is expected that
zone_reclaim_mode will be rarely enabled it is unreasonable for all
machines to take a penalty. Fortunately, the zone_reclaim_mode() path
is already slow and it is the path that takes the hit.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Previously, page cache radix tree nodes were freed after reclaim emptied
out their page pointers. But now reclaim stores shadow entries in their
place, which are only reclaimed when the inodes themselves are
reclaimed. This is problematic for bigger files that are still in use
after they have a significant amount of their cache reclaimed, without
any of those pages actually refaulting. The shadow entries will just
sit there and waste memory. In the worst case, the shadow entries will
accumulate until the machine runs out of memory.
To get this under control, the VM will track radix tree nodes
exclusively containing shadow entries on a per-NUMA node list. Per-NUMA
rather than global because we expect the radix tree nodes themselves to
be allocated node-locally and we want to reduce cross-node references of
otherwise independent cache workloads. A simple shrinker will then
reclaim these nodes on memory pressure.
A few things need to be stored in the radix tree node to implement the
shadow node LRU and allow tree deletions coming from the list:
1. There is no index available that would describe the reverse path
from the node up to the tree root, which is needed to perform a
deletion. To solve this, encode in each node its offset inside the
parent. This can be stored in the unused upper bits of the same
member that stores the node's height at no extra space cost.
2. The number of shadow entries needs to be counted in addition to the
regular entries, to quickly detect when the node is ready to go to
the shadow node LRU list. The current entry count is an unsigned
int but the maximum number of entries is 64, so a shadow counter
can easily be stored in the unused upper bits.
3. Tree modification needs tree lock and tree root, which are located
in the address space, so store an address_space backpointer in the
node. The parent pointer of the node is in a union with the 2-word
rcu_head, so the backpointer comes at no extra cost as well.
4. The node needs to be linked to an LRU list, which requires a list
head inside the node. This does increase the size of the node, but
it does not change the number of objects that fit into a slab page.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: export the right function]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Metin Doslu <metin@citusdata.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@citusdata.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The VM maintains cached filesystem pages on two types of lists. One
list holds the pages recently faulted into the cache, the other list
holds pages that have been referenced repeatedly on that first list.
The idea is to prefer reclaiming young pages over those that have shown
to benefit from caching in the past. We call the recently usedbut
ultimately was not significantly better than a FIFO policy and still
thrashed cache based on eviction speed, rather than actual demand for
cache.
This patch solves one half of the problem by decoupling the ability to
detect working set changes from the inactive list size. By maintaining
a history of recently evicted file pages it can detect frequently used
pages with an arbitrarily small inactive list size, and subsequently
apply pressure on the active list based on actual demand for cache, not
just overall eviction speed.
Every zone maintains a counter that tracks inactive list aging speed.
When a page is evicted, a snapshot of this counter is stored in the
now-empty page cache radix tree slot. On refault, the minimum access
distance of the page can be assessed, to evaluate whether the page
should be part of the active list or not.
This fixes the VM's blindness towards working set changes in excess of
the inactive list. And it's the foundation to further improve the
protection ability and reduce the minimum inactive list size of 50%.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Metin Doslu <metin@citusdata.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@citusdata.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
GFP_THISNODE is for callers that implement their own clever fallback to
remote nodes. It restricts the allocation to the specified node and
does not invoke reclaim, assuming that the caller will take care of it
when the fallback fails, e.g. through a subsequent allocation request
without GFP_THISNODE set.
However, many current GFP_THISNODE users only want the node exclusive
aspect of the flag, without actually implementing their own fallback or
triggering reclaim if necessary. This results in things like page
migration failing prematurely even when there is easily reclaimable
memory available, unless kswapd happens to be running already or a
concurrent allocation attempt triggers the necessary reclaim.
Convert all callsites that don't implement their own fallback strategy
to __GFP_THISNODE. This restricts the allocation a single node too, but
at the same time allows the allocator to enter the slowpath, wake
kswapd, and invoke direct reclaim if necessary, to make the allocation
happen when memory is full.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Stancek <jstancek@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
NUMA migrate rate limiting protects a migration counter and window using
a lock but in some cases this can be a contended lock. It is not
critical that the number of pages be perfect, lost updates are
acceptable. Reduce the importance of this lock.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Alex Thorlton <athorlton@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Yasuaki Ishimatsu reported memory hot-add spent more than 5 _hours_ on
9TB memory machine since onlining memory sections is too slow. And we
found out setup_zone_migrate_reserve spent >90% of the time.
The problem is, setup_zone_migrate_reserve scans all pageblocks
unconditionally, but it is only necessary if the number of reserved
block was reduced (i.e. memory hot remove).
Moreover, maximum MIGRATE_RESERVE per zone is currently 2. It means
that the number of reserved pageblocks is almost always unchanged.
This patch adds zone->nr_migrate_reserve_block to maintain the number of
MIGRATE_RESERVE pageblocks and it reduces the overhead of
setup_zone_migrate_reserve dramatically. The following table shows time
of onlining a memory section.
Amount of memory | 128GB | 192GB | 256GB|
---------------------------------------------
linux-3.12 | 23.9 | 31.4 | 44.5 |
This patch | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.6 |
Mel's proposal patch | 10.9 | 19.2 | 31.3 |
---------------------------------------------
(millisecond)
128GB : 4 nodes and each node has 32GB of memory
192GB : 6 nodes and each node has 32GB of memory
256GB : 8 nodes and each node has 32GB of memory
(*1) Mel proposed his idea by the following threads.
https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/10/30/272
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch is based on KOSAKI's work and I add a little more description,
please refer https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/14/74.
Currently, I found system can enter a state that there are lots of free
pages in a zone but only order-0 and order-1 pages which means the zone is
heavily fragmented, then high order allocation could make direct reclaim
path's long stall(ex, 60 seconds) especially in no swap and no compaciton
enviroment. This problem happened on v3.4, but it seems issue still lives
in current tree, the reason is do_try_to_free_pages enter live lock:
kswapd will go to sleep if the zones have been fully scanned and are still
not balanced. As kswapd thinks there's little point trying all over again
to avoid infinite loop. Instead it changes order from high-order to
0-order because kswapd think order-0 is the most important. Look at
73ce02e9 in detail. If watermarks are ok, kswapd will go back to sleep
and may leave zone->all_unreclaimable =3D 0. It assume high-order users
can still perform direct reclaim if they wish.
Direct reclaim continue to reclaim for a high order which is not a
COSTLY_ORDER without oom-killer until kswapd turn on
zone->all_unreclaimble= . This is because to avoid too early oom-kill.
So it means direct_reclaim depends on kswapd to break this loop.
In worst case, direct-reclaim may continue to page reclaim forever when
kswapd sleeps forever until someone like watchdog detect and finally kill
the process. As described in:
http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.mm/103737
We can't turn on zone->all_unreclaimable from direct reclaim path because
direct reclaim path don't take any lock and this way is racy. Thus this
patch removes zone->all_unreclaimable field completely and recalculates
zone reclaimable state every time.
Note: we can't take the idea that direct-reclaim see zone->pages_scanned
directly and kswapd continue to use zone->all_unreclaimable. Because, it
is racy. commit 929bea7c71 (vmscan: all_unreclaimable() use
zone->all_unreclaimable as a name) describes the detail.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: uninline zone_reclaimable_pages() and zone_reclaimable()]
Cc: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar.30@gmail.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Cc: Neil Zhang <zhangwm@marvell.com>
Cc: Russell King - ARM Linux <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Lisa Du <cldu@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Each zone that holds userspace pages of one workload must be aged at a
speed proportional to the zone size. Otherwise, the time an individual
page gets to stay in memory depends on the zone it happened to be
allocated in. Asymmetry in the zone aging creates rather unpredictable
aging behavior and results in the wrong pages being reclaimed, activated
etc.
But exactly this happens right now because of the way the page allocator
and kswapd interact. The page allocator uses per-node lists of all zones
in the system, ordered by preference, when allocating a new page. When
the first iteration does not yield any results, kswapd is woken up and the
allocator retries. Due to the way kswapd reclaims zones below the high
watermark while a zone can be allocated from when it is above the low
watermark, the allocator may keep kswapd running while kswapd reclaim
ensures that the page allocator can keep allocating from the first zone in
the zonelist for extended periods of time. Meanwhile the other zones
rarely see new allocations and thus get aged much slower in comparison.
The result is that the occasional page placed in lower zones gets
relatively more time in memory, even gets promoted to the active list
after its peers have long been evicted. Meanwhile, the bulk of the
working set may be thrashing on the preferred zone even though there may
be significant amounts of memory available in the lower zones.
Even the most basic test -- repeatedly reading a file slightly bigger than
memory -- shows how broken the zone aging is. In this scenario, no single
page should be able stay in memory long enough to get referenced twice and
activated, but activation happens in spades:
$ grep active_file /proc/zoneinfo
nr_inactive_file 0
nr_active_file 0
nr_inactive_file 0
nr_active_file 8
nr_inactive_file 1582
nr_active_file 11994
$ cat data data data data >/dev/null
$ grep active_file /proc/zoneinfo
nr_inactive_file 0
nr_active_file 70
nr_inactive_file 258753
nr_active_file 443214
nr_inactive_file 149793
nr_active_file 12021
Fix this with a very simple round robin allocator. Each zone is allowed a
batch of allocations that is proportional to the zone's size, after which
it is treated as full. The batch counters are reset when all zones have
been tried and the allocator enters the slowpath and kicks off kswapd
reclaim. Allocation and reclaim is now fairly spread out to all
available/allowable zones:
$ grep active_file /proc/zoneinfo
nr_inactive_file 0
nr_active_file 0
nr_inactive_file 174
nr_active_file 4865
nr_inactive_file 53
nr_active_file 860
$ cat data data data data >/dev/null
$ grep active_file /proc/zoneinfo
nr_inactive_file 0
nr_active_file 0
nr_inactive_file 666622
nr_active_file 4988
nr_inactive_file 190969
nr_active_file 937
When zone_reclaim_mode is enabled, allocations will now spread out to all
zones on the local node, not just the first preferred zone (which on a 4G
node might be a tiny Normal zone).
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Paul Bolle <paul.bollee@gmail.com>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Tested-by: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
These functions are nowhere used, so remove them.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Instead of leaving a hidden trap for the next person who comes along and
wants to add something to mem_section, add a big fat warning about it
needing to be a power-of-2, and insert a BUILD_BUG_ON() in sparse_init()
to catch mistakes.
Right now non-power-of-2 mem_sections cause a number of WARNs at boot
(which don't clearly point to the size of mem_section as an issue), but
the system limps on (temporarily, at least).
This is based upon Dave Hansen's earlier RFC where he ran into the same
issue:
"sparsemem: fix boot when SECTIONS_PER_ROOT is not power-of-2"
http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1205.2/03077.html
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently lock_memory_hotplug()/unlock_memory_hotplug() are used to
protect totalram_pages and zone->managed_pages. Other than the memory
hotplug driver, totalram_pages and zone->managed_pages may also be
modified at runtime by other drivers, such as Xen balloon,
virtio_balloon etc. For those cases, memory hotplug lock is a little
too heavy, so introduce a dedicated lock to protect totalram_pages and
zone->managed_pages.
Now we have a simplified locking rules totalram_pages and
zone->managed_pages as:
1) no locking for read accesses because they are unsigned long.
2) no locking for write accesses at boot time in single-threaded context.
3) serialize write accesses at runtime by acquiring the dedicated
managed_page_count_lock.
Also adjust zone->managed_pages when freeing reserved pages into the
buddy system, to keep totalram_pages and zone->managed_pages in
consistence.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: don't export adjust_managed_page_count to modules (for now)]
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: <sworddragon2@aol.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Historically, kswapd used to congestion_wait() at higher priorities if
it was not making forward progress. This made no sense as the failure
to make progress could be completely independent of IO. It was later
replaced by wait_iff_congested() and removed entirely by commit 258401a6
(mm: don't wait on congested zones in balance_pgdat()) as it was
duplicating logic in shrink_inactive_list().
This is problematic. If kswapd encounters many pages under writeback
and it continues to scan until it reaches the high watermark then it
will quickly skip over the pages under writeback and reclaim clean young
pages or push applications out to swap.
The use of wait_iff_congested() is not suited to kswapd as it will only
stall if the underlying BDI is really congested or a direct reclaimer
was unable to write to the underlying BDI. kswapd bypasses the BDI
congestion as it sets PF_SWAPWRITE but even if this was taken into
account then it would cause direct reclaimers to stall on writeback
which is not desirable.
This patch sets a ZONE_WRITEBACK flag if direct reclaim or kswapd is
encountering too many pages under writeback. If this flag is set and
kswapd encounters a PageReclaim page under writeback then it'll assume
that the LRU lists are being recycled too quickly before IO can complete
and block waiting for some IO to complete.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently kswapd queues dirty pages for writeback if scanning at an
elevated priority but the priority kswapd scans at is not related to the
number of unqueued dirty encountered. Since commit "mm: vmscan: Flatten
kswapd priority loop", the priority is related to the size of the LRU
and the zone watermark which is no indication as to whether kswapd
should write pages or not.
This patch tracks if an excessive number of unqueued dirty pages are
being encountered at the end of the LRU. If so, it indicates that dirty
pages are being recycled before flusher threads can clean them and flags
the zone so that kswapd will start writing pages until the zone is
balanced.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add pgdat_end_pfn() and pgdat_is_empty() helpers which match the similar
zone_*() functions.
Change node_end_pfn() to be a wrapper of pgdat_end_pfn().
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Factoring out these 2 checks makes it more clear what we are actually
checking for.
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add 2 helpers (zone_end_pfn() and zone_spans_pfn()) to reduce code
duplication.
This also switches to using them in compaction (where an additional
variable needed to be renamed), page_alloc, vmstat, memory_hotplug, and
kmemleak.
Note that in compaction.c I avoid calling zone_end_pfn() repeatedly
because I expect at some point the sycronization issues with start_pfn &
spanned_pages will need fixing, either by actually using the seqlock or
clever memory barrier usage.
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is a preparation patch for moving page->_last_nid into page->flags
that moves page flag layout information to a separate header. This
patch is necessary because otherwise there would be a circular
dependency between mm_types.h and mm.h.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Several functions test MIGRATE_ISOLATE and some of those are hotpath but
MIGRATE_ISOLATE is used only if we enable CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION(ie,
CMA, memory-hotplug and memory-failure) which are not common config
option. So let's not add unnecessary overhead and code when we don't
enable CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 702d1a6e07 ("memory-hotplug: fix kswapd looping forever
problem") added an isolated pageblocks counter (nr_pageblock_isolate in
struct zone) and used it to adjust free pages counter in
zone_watermark_ok_safe() to prevent kswapd looping forever problem.
Then later, commit 2139cbe627 ("cma: fix counting of isolated pages")
fixed accounting of isolated pages in global free pages counter. It
made the previous zone_watermark_ok_safe() fix unnecessary and
potentially harmful (cause now isolated pages may be accounted twice
making free pages counter incorrect).
This patch removes the special isolated pageblocks counter altogether
which fixes zone_watermark_ok_safe() free pages check.
Reported-by: Tomasz Stanislawski <t.stanislaws@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar.30@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Merge tag 'balancenuma-v11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mel/linux-balancenuma
Pull Automatic NUMA Balancing bare-bones from Mel Gorman:
"There are three implementations for NUMA balancing, this tree
(balancenuma), numacore which has been developed in tip/master and
autonuma which is in aa.git.
In almost all respects balancenuma is the dumbest of the three because
its main impact is on the VM side with no attempt to be smart about
scheduling. In the interest of getting the ball rolling, it would be
desirable to see this much merged for 3.8 with the view to building
scheduler smarts on top and adapting the VM where required for 3.9.
The most recent set of comparisons available from different people are
mel: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/9/108
mingo: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/7/331
tglx: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/10/437
srikar: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/10/397
The results are a mixed bag. In my own tests, balancenuma does
reasonably well. It's dumb as rocks and does not regress against
mainline. On the other hand, Ingo's tests shows that balancenuma is
incapable of converging for this workloads driven by perf which is bad
but is potentially explained by the lack of scheduler smarts. Thomas'
results show balancenuma improves on mainline but falls far short of
numacore or autonuma. Srikar's results indicate we all suffer on a
large machine with imbalanced node sizes.
My own testing showed that recent numacore results have improved
dramatically, particularly in the last week but not universally.
We've butted heads heavily on system CPU usage and high levels of
migration even when it shows that overall performance is better.
There are also cases where it regresses. Of interest is that for
specjbb in some configurations it will regress for lower numbers of
warehouses and show gains for higher numbers which is not reported by
the tool by default and sometimes missed in treports. Recently I
reported for numacore that the JVM was crashing with
NullPointerExceptions but currently it's unclear what the source of
this problem is. Initially I thought it was in how numacore batch
handles PTEs but I'm no longer think this is the case. It's possible
numacore is just able to trigger it due to higher rates of migration.
These reports were quite late in the cycle so I/we would like to start
with this tree as it contains much of the code we can agree on and has
not changed significantly over the last 2-3 weeks."
* tag 'balancenuma-v11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mel/linux-balancenuma: (50 commits)
mm/rmap, migration: Make rmap_walk_anon() and try_to_unmap_anon() more scalable
mm/rmap: Convert the struct anon_vma::mutex to an rwsem
mm: migrate: Account a transhuge page properly when rate limiting
mm: numa: Account for failed allocations and isolations as migration failures
mm: numa: Add THP migration for the NUMA working set scanning fault case build fix
mm: numa: Add THP migration for the NUMA working set scanning fault case.
mm: sched: numa: Delay PTE scanning until a task is scheduled on a new node
mm: sched: numa: Control enabling and disabling of NUMA balancing if !SCHED_DEBUG
mm: sched: numa: Control enabling and disabling of NUMA balancing
mm: sched: Adapt the scanning rate if a NUMA hinting fault does not migrate
mm: numa: Use a two-stage filter to restrict pages being migrated for unlikely task<->node relationships
mm: numa: migrate: Set last_nid on newly allocated page
mm: numa: split_huge_page: Transfer last_nid on tail page
mm: numa: Introduce last_nid to the page frame
sched: numa: Slowly increase the scanning period as NUMA faults are handled
mm: numa: Rate limit setting of pte_numa if node is saturated
mm: numa: Rate limit the amount of memory that is migrated between nodes
mm: numa: Structures for Migrate On Fault per NUMA migration rate limiting
mm: numa: Migrate pages handled during a pmd_numa hinting fault
mm: numa: Migrate on reference policy
...
Currently a zone's present_pages is calcuated as below, which is
inaccurate and may cause trouble to memory hotplug.
spanned_pages - absent_pages - memmap_pages - dma_reserve.
During fixing bugs caused by inaccurate zone->present_pages, we found
zone->present_pages has been abused. The field zone->present_pages may
have different meanings in different contexts:
1) pages existing in a zone.
2) pages managed by the buddy system.
For more discussions about the issue, please refer to:
http://lkml.org/lkml/2012/11/5/866https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/1346751/
This patchset tries to introduce a new field named "managed_pages" to
struct zone, which counts "pages managed by the buddy system". And revert
zone->present_pages to count "physical pages existing in a zone", which
also keep in consistence with pgdat->node_present_pages.
We will set an initial value for zone->managed_pages in function
free_area_init_core() and will adjust it later if the initial value is
inaccurate.
For DMA/normal zones, the initial value is set to:
(spanned_pages - absent_pages - memmap_pages - dma_reserve)
Later zone->managed_pages will be adjusted to the accurate value when the
bootmem allocator frees all free pages to the buddy system in function
free_all_bootmem_node() and free_all_bootmem().
The bootmem allocator doesn't touch highmem pages, so highmem zones'
managed_pages is set to the accurate value "spanned_pages - absent_pages"
in function free_area_init_core() and won't be updated anymore.
This patch also adds a new field "managed_pages" to /proc/zoneinfo
and sysrq showmem.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: small comment tweaks]
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Maciej Rutecki <maciej.rutecki@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Chris Clayton <chris2553@googlemail.com>
Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commits 2139cbe627 ("cma: fix counting of isolated pages") and
d95ea5d18e ("cma: fix watermark checking") introduced a reliable
method of free page accounting when memory is being allocated from CMA
regions, so the workaround introduced earlier by commit 49f223a9cd
("mm: trigger page reclaim in alloc_contig_range() to stabilise
watermarks") can be finally removed.
Signed-off-by: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
