Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Extract the linked list sorting test code into its own source file, to
allow to compile it either to a loadable module, or builtin into the
kernel.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1488287219-15832-4-git-send-email-geert@linux-m68k.org
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This was using module_init, but there is no way this code can
be modular. In the non-modular case, a module_init becomes a
device_initcall, but this really isn't a device. So we should
choose a more appropriate initcall bucket to put it in.
Assuming boot time self tests need to be observed over a console
to be useful, and that the console device could possibly not be
fully functional until after device_initcall, we move this to the
late_initcall bucket, which is immediately after device_initcall.
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
Memory allocation only happens in the self test, just as random numbers
are only used there. So move the inclusion of slab.h inside the
CONFIG_TEST_LIST_SORT.
We don't need module.h and all of the stuff it carries with it, so replace
with export.h and compiler.h. Unfortunately, the ARRAY_SIZE macro from
kernel.h requires the user to ensure bug.h is also included (for
BUILD_BUG_ON_ZERO, used by __must_be_array). We used to get that through
some maze of nested includes, but just include it explicitly.
linux/string.h is then only included implicitly through
kernel.h->printk.h->dynamic_debug.h, but only if !CONFIG_DYNAMIC_DEBUG, so
just include it explicitly (for memset).
objdump -d says the generated code is the same, and wc -l says that
lib/.list_sort.o.cmd went from 579 to 165 lines.
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The helper merge_and_restore_back_links() makes sure to call the
caller's cmp function during the final ->prev pointer fixup, so that the
cmp function may call cond_resched(). However, if the cmp function does
not call cond_resched() at all, this is entirely redundant. If it does,
doing at least two function calls for every two pointer assignments is a
bit excessive. This patch limits the calls to once for every 256
iterations.
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is no reason to maintain the list structure while freeing the
debug elements. Aside from the redundant pointer manipulations, it is
also inefficient from a locality-of-reference viewpoint, since they are
visited in a random order (wrt. the order they were allocated).
Furthermore, if we jumped to exit: after detecting list corruption, it
is actually dangerous.
So just free the elements in the order they were allocated, using the
backing array elts. Allocate that using kcalloc(), so that if
allocation of one of the debug element fails, we just end up calling
kfree(NULL) for the trailing elements.
Minor details: Use sizeof(*elts) instead of sizeof(void *), and return
err immediately when allocation of elts fails, to avoid introducing
another label just before the final return statement.
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a check to make sure that the prev pointer of the list head points
to the last element on the list.
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Use preferable function name which implies using a pseudo-random
number generator.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Improve 'lib_sort()' test and check that:
o 'cmp()' is called only for elements which were present in the original list,
i.e., the 'a' and 'b' parameters are valid
o the resulted (sorted) list consists onlly of the original elements
o intdoruce "poison" fields to make sure data around 'struc list_head' field
are not corrupted.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Cc: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch unifies 'list_sort_test()' messages a bit and makes sure all of
them start with the "list_sort_test:" prefix to make it obvious for users
where the messages come from.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Cc: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The 'lib_sort()' test does not free memory if it fails, and it makes the
kernel panic if it cannot allocate memory. This patch fixes the problem.
This patch also changes several small things:
o use 'list_add()' helper instead of adding manually
o introduce temporary 'el1' variable to avoid ugly and unreadalbe
"if" statement
o make 'head' to be stack variable instead of 'kmalloc()'ed, which
simplifies code a bit
Overall, this patch is of clean-up type.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Cc: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Instead of using own pseudo-random generator, use generic linux
'random32()' function. Presumably, this should improve test coverage.
At the same time, do the following changes:
o Use shorter macro name for test list length
o Do not use strange 'l_h' name for 'struct list_head' element,
use 'list', because it is traditional name and thus, makes the
code more obvious and readable.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Cc: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I do not see any reason to use KERN_WARN for normal messages and
KERN_EMERG for error messages in the lib_sort testing routine. Let's use
more reasonable KERN_NORM and KERN_ERR levels.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Cc: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
While hunting a non-existing bug in 'list_sort()', I've improved the
'list_sort_test()' function which tests the 'list_sort()' library call.
Although at the end I found a bug in my code, but not in 'list_sort()', I
think my clean-ups and improvements are worth merging because they make
the test function better.
This patch:
Make the self-tests selectable via Kconfig rather than by manual enabling
of DEBUG_LIST_SORT.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Cc: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If the original list is a POT in length, the first callback from line 73
will pass a==b both pointing to the original list_head. This is dangerous
because the 'list_sort()' user can use 'container_of()' and accesses the
"containing" object, which does not necessary exist for the list head. So
the user can access RAM which does not belong to him. If this is a write
access, we can end up with memory corruption.
Signed-off-by: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <Artem.Bityutskiy@nokia.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
XFS and UBIFS can pass long lists to list_sort(); this alternative
implementation scales better, reaching ~3x performance gain when list
length exceeds the L2 cache size.
Stand-alone program timings were run on a Core 2 duo L1=32KB L2=4MB,
gcc-4.4, with flags extracted from an Ubuntu kernel build. Object size is
581 bytes compared to 455 for Mark J. Roberts' code.
Worst case for either implementation is a list length just over a power of
two, and to roughly the same degree, so here are timing results for a
range of 2^N+1 lengths. List elements were 16 bytes each including malloc
overhead; initial order was random.
time (msec)
Tatham-Roberts
| generic-Mullis-v2
loop_count length | | ratio
4000000 2 206 294 1.427
2000000 3 176 227 1.289
1000000 5 199 172 0.864
500000 9 235 178 0.757
250000 17 243 182 0.748
125000 33 261 196 0.750
62500 65 277 209 0.754
31250 129 292 219 0.75
15625 257 317 235 0.741
7812 513 340 252 0.741
3906 1025 362 267 0.737
1953 2049 388 283 0.729 ~ L1 size
976 4097 556 323 0.580
488 8193 678 361 0.532
244 16385 773 395 0.510
122 32769 844 418 0.495
61 65537 917 454 0.495
30 131073 1128 543 0.481
15 262145 2355 869 0.369 ~ L2 size
7 524289 5597 1714 0.306
3 1048577 6218 2022 0.325
Mark's code does not actually implement the usual or generic mergesort,
but rather a variant from Simon Tatham described here:
http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/algorithms/listsort.html
Simon's algorithm performs O(log N) passes over the entire input list,
doing merges of sublists that double in size on each pass. The generic
algorithm instead merges pairs of equal length lists as early as possible,
in recursive order. For either algorithm, the elements that extend the
list beyond power-of-two length are a special case, handled as nearly as
possible as a "rounding-up" to a full POT.
Some intuition for the locality of reference implications of merge order
may be gotten by watching this animation:
http://www.sorting-algorithms.com/merge-sort
Simon's algorithm requires only O(1) extra space rather than the generic
algorithm's O(log N), but in my non-recursive implementation the actual
O(log N) data is merely a vector of ~20 pointers, which I've put on the
stack.
Long-running list_sort() calls: If the list passed in may be long, or the
client's cmp() callback function is slow, the client's cmp() may
periodically invoke cond_resched() to voluntarily yield the CPU. All
inner loops of list_sort() call back to cmp().
Stability of the sort: distinct elements that compare equal emerge from
the sort in the same order as with Mark's code, for simple test cases. A
boot-time test is provided to verify this and other correctness
requirements.
A kernel that uses drm.ko appears to run normally with this change; I have
no suitable hardware to similarly test the use by UBIFS.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: style tweaks, fix comment, make list_sort_test __init]
Signed-off-by: Don Mullis <don.mullis@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Airlie <airlied@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <dedekind@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are two copies of list_sort() in the tree already, one in the DRM
code, another in ubifs. Now XFS needs this as well. Create a generic
list_sort() function from the ubifs version and convert existing users
to it so we don't end up with yet another copy in the tree.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Acked-by: Dave Airlie <airlied@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Artem Bityutskiy <dedekind@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Greg Kroah-Hartman