After anti-fragmentation was merged, a bug was reported whereby devices
that depended on high-order atomic allocations were failing. The solution
was to preserve a property in the buddy allocator which tended to keep the
minimum number of free pages in the zone at the lower physical addresses
and contiguous. To preserve this property, MIGRATE_RESERVE was introduced
and a number of pageblocks at the start of a zone would be marked
"reserve", the number of which depended on min_free_kbytes.
Anti-fragmentation works by avoiding the mixing of page migratetypes
within the same pageblock. One way of helping this is to increase
min_free_kbytes because it becomes less like that it will be necessary to
place pages of of MIGRATE_RESERVE is unbounded, the free memory is kept
there in large contiguous blocks instead of helping anti-fragmentation as
much as it should. With the page-allocator tracepoint patches applied, it
was found during anti-fragmentation tests that the number of
fragmentation-related events were far higher than expected even with
min_free_kbytes at higher values.
This patch limits the number of MIGRATE_RESERVE blocks that exist per zone
to two. For example, with a sufficient min_free_kbytes, 4MB of memory
will be kept aside on an x86-64 and remain more or less free and
contiguous for the systems uptime. This should be sufficient for devices
depending on high-order atomic allocations while helping fragmentation
control when min_free_kbytes is tuned appropriately. As side-effect of
this patch is that the reserve variable is converted to int as unsigned
long was the wrong type to use when ensuring that only the required number
of reserve blocks are created.
With the patches applied, fragmentation-related events as measured by the
page allocator tracepoints were significantly reduced when running some
fragmentation stress-tests on systems with min_free_kbytes tuned to a
value appropriate for hugepage allocations at runtime. On x86, the events
recorded were reduced by 99.8%, on x86-64 by 99.72% and on ppc64 by
99.83%.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The page allocation trace event reports that a page was successfully
allocated but it does not specify where it came from. When analysing
performance, it can be important to distinguish between pages coming from
the per-cpu allocator and pages coming from the buddy lists as the latter
requires the zone lock to the taken and more data structures to be
examined.
This patch adds a trace event for __rmqueue reporting when a page is being
allocated from the buddy lists. It distinguishes between being called to
refill the per-cpu lists or whether it is a high-order allocation.
Similarly, this patch adds an event to catch when the PCP lists are being
drained a little and pages are going back to the buddy lists.
This is trickier to draw conclusions from but high activity on those
events could explain why there were a large number of cache misses on a
page-allocator-intensive workload. The coalescing and splitting of
buddies involves a lot of writing of page metadata and cache line bounces
not to mention the acquisition of an interrupt-safe lock necessary to
enter this path.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Li Ming Chun <macli@brc.ubc.ca>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fragmentation avoidance depends on being able to use free pages from lists
of the appropriate migrate type. In the event this is not possible,
__rmqueue_fallback() selects a different list and in some circumstances
change the migratetype of the pageblock. Simplistically, the more times
this event occurs, the more likely that fragmentation will be a problem
later for hugepage allocation at least but there are other considerations
such as the order of page being split to satisfy the allocation.
This patch adds a trace event for __rmqueue_fallback() that reports what
page is being used for the fallback, the orders of relevant pages, the
desired migratetype and the migratetype of the lists being used, whether
the pageblock changed type and whether this event is important with
respect to fragmentation avoidance or not. This information can be used
to help analyse fragmentation avoidance and help decide whether
min_free_kbytes should be increased or not.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Li Ming Chun <macli@brc.ubc.ca>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch adds trace events for the allocation and freeing of pages,
including the freeing of pagevecs. Using the events, it will be known
what struct page and pfns are being allocated and freed and what the call
site was in many cases.
The page alloc tracepoints be used as an indicator as to whether the
workload was heavily dependant on the page allocator or not. You can make
a guess based on vmstat but you can't get a per-process breakdown.
Depending on the call path, the call_site for page allocation may be
__get_free_pages() instead of a useful callsite. Instead of passing down
a return address similar to slab debugging, the user should enable the
stacktrace and seg-addr options to get a proper stack trace.
The pagevec free tracepoint has a different usecase. It can be used to
get a idea of how many pages are being dumped off the LRU and whether it
is kswapd doing the work or a process doing direct reclaim.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Li Ming Chun <macli@brc.ubc.ca>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The function free_cold_page() has no callers so delete it.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When there are no pages of a target migratetype free, the page allocator
selects a high-order block of another migratetype to allocate from. When
the order of the page taken is greater than pageblock_order, all
pageblocks within that high-order page should change migratetype so that
pages are later freed to the correct free-lists.
The current behaviour is that pageblocks change migratetype if the order
being split matches the pageblock_order. When pageblock_order <
MAX_ORDER-1, ownership is not changing correct and pages are being later
freed to the incorrect list and this impacts fragmentation avoidance.
This patch changes all pageblocks within the high-order page being split
to the correct migratetype. Without the patch, allocation success rates
for hugepages under stress were about 59% of physical memory on x86-64.
With the patch applied, this goes up to 65%.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
By the time PG_mlocked is cleared in the page freeing path, nobody else is
looking at our page->flags anymore.
It is thus safe to make the test-and-clear non-atomic and thereby removing
an unnecessary and expensive operation from a hotpath.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
__get_free_pages() with __GFP_HIGHMEM is not safe because the return
address cannot represent a highmem page. get_zeroed_page() already has
such a debug checking.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If the system is running a heavy load of processes then concurrent reclaim
can isolate a large number of pages from the LRU. /proc/vmstat and the
output generated for an OOM do not show how many pages were isolated.
This has been observed during process fork bomb testing (mstctl11 in LTP).
This patch shows the information about isolated pages.
Reproduced via:
-----------------------
% ./hackbench 140 process 1000
=> OOM occur
active_anon:146 inactive_anon:0 isolated_anon:49245
active_file:79 inactive_file:18 isolated_file:113
unevictable:0 dirty:0 writeback:0 unstable:0 buffer:39
free:370 slab_reclaimable:309 slab_unreclaimable:5492
mapped:53 shmem:15 pagetables:28140 bounce:0
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It is possible for the oom killer to select current as the task to kill.
When this happens, alloc_flags needs to be updated accordingly to set
ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS so the subsequent allocation attempt may use memory
reserves as the result of its thread having TIF_MEMDIE set if the
allocation is not __GFP_NOMEMALLOC.
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Recently we encountered OOM problems due to memory use of the GEM cache.
Generally a large amuont of Shmem/Tmpfs pages tend to create a memory
shortage problem.
We often use the following calculation to determine the amount of shmem
pages:
shmem = NR_ACTIVE_ANON + NR_INACTIVE_ANON - NR_ANON_PAGES
however the expression does not consider isolated and mlocked pages.
This patch adds explicit accounting for pages used by shmem and tmpfs.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The amount of memory allocated to kernel stacks can become significant and
cause OOM conditions. However, we do not display the amount of memory
consumed by stacks.
Add code to display the amount of memory used for stacks in /proc/meminfo.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It is often useful to know the statistics for all pages that are handled
like page cache pages when looking at OOM log output.
Therefore show_free_areas() should also display buffer cache statistics.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
show_free_areas() displays only a limited amount of zone counters. This
patch includes additional counters in the display to allow easier
debugging. This may be especially useful if an OOM is due to running out
of DMA memory.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If an OOM happens, we really want to know the number of remaining
reclaimable pages. So the reclaimable slab and unreclaimable slab fields
should not be combined for display.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ummark function as having kernel-doc notation, fixing the kernel-doc
warning.
Warning(mm/page_alloc.c:4519): No description found for parameter 'zone'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pages on movable zone have two types, MIGRATE_MOVABLE and MIGRATE_RESERVE,
both them can be movable, because only movable memory allocation can get
pages from movable zone. This makes pages in movable zone always be able
to migrate.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Yakui Zhao <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pages marked as isolated should not be allocated again. If such pages
reside in pcp list, they can be allocated too, so there is a ping-pong
memory offline frees some pages to pcp list and the pages get allocated
and then memory offline frees them again, this loop will happen again and
again.
This should have no impact in normal code path, because in normal code
path, pages in pcp list aren't isolated, and below loop will break in the
first entry.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Yakui Zhao <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In my test, 128M memory is hot added, but zone's pcp batch is 0, which is
an obvious error. When pages are onlined, zone pcp should be updated
accordingly.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warnings]
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Yakui Zhao <yakui.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When a cpuset's nodemask is updated, all attached tasks have their cached
task->mems_allowed updated by a heap instead of requiring an explicit call
to cpuset_update_task_memory_state(), which has since been removed in
58568d2a82 ("cpuset,mm: update tasks'
mems_allowed in time").
Remove the obsoleted comment from the page allocator.
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Acked-by: Miao Xie <miaox@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If memory corruption hits the free buddy pages, we can safely ignore them.
No one will access them until page allocation time, then prep_new_page()
will automatically check and isolate PG_hwpoison page for us (for 0-order
allocation).
This patch expands prep_new_page() to check every component page in a high
order page allocation, in order to completely stop PG_hwpoison pages from
being recirculated.
Note that the common case -- only allocating a single page, doesn't
do any more work than before. Allocating > order 0 does a bit more work,
but that's relatively uncommon.
This simple implementation may drop some innocent neighbor pages, hopefully
it is not a big problem because the event should be rare enough.
This patch adds some runtime costs to high order page users.
[AK: Improved description]
v2: Andi Kleen:
Port to -mm code
Move check into separate function.
Don't dump stack in bad_pages for hwpoisoned pages.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
On low-memory systems, anti-fragmentation gets disabled as fragmentation
cannot be avoided on a sufficiently large boundary to be worthwhile. Once
disabled, there is a period of time when all the pageblocks are marked
MOVABLE and the expectation is that they get marked UNMOVABLE at each call
to __rmqueue_fallback().
However, when MAX_ORDER is large the pageblocks do not change ownership
because the normal criteria are not met. This has the effect of
prematurely breaking up too many large contiguous blocks. This is most
serious on NOMMU systems which depend on high-order allocations to boot.
This patch causes pageblocks to change ownership on every fallback when
anti-fragmentation is disabled. This prevents the large blocks being
prematurely broken up.
This is a fix to commit 49255c619f [page
allocator: move check for disabled anti-fragmentation out of fastpath] and
the problem affects 2.6.31-rc8.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Tested-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Acked-by: Greg Ungerer <gerg@snapgear.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If node_load[] is cleared everytime build_zonelists() is
called,node_load[] will have no help to find the next node that should
appear in the given node's fallback list.
Because of the bug, zonelist's node_order is not calculated as expected.
This bug affects on big machine, which has asynmetric node distance.
[synmetric NUMA's node distance]
0 1 2
0 10 12 12
1 12 10 12
2 12 12 10
[asynmetric NUMA's node distance]
0 1 2
0 10 12 20
1 12 10 14
2 20 14 10
This (my bug) is very old but no one has reported this for a long time.
Maybe because the number of asynmetric NUMA is very small and they use
cpuset for customizing node memory allocation fallback.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_NUMA=n build]
Signed-off-by: Bo Liu <bo-liu@hotmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The page allocator warns once when an order >= MAX_ORDER is specified.
This is to catch callers of the allocator that are always falling back to
their worst-case when it was not expected. However, there are cases where
the caller is behaving correctly but cannot suppress the warning. This
patch allows the warning to be suppressed by the callers by specifying
__GFP_NOWARN.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If a task is oom killed and still cannot find memory when trying with
no watermarks, it's better to fail the allocation attempt than to loop
endlessly. Direct reclaim has already failed and the oom killer will
be a no-op since current has yet to die, so there is no other
alternative for allocations that are not __GFP_NOFAIL.
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix a post-2.6.24 performace regression caused by
3dfa5721f1 ("page-allocator: preserve PFN
ordering when __GFP_COLD is set").
Narayanan reports "The regression is around 15%. There is no disk controller
as our setup is based on Samsung OneNAND used as a memory mapped device on a
OMAP2430 based board."
The page allocator tries to preserve contiguous PFN ordering when returning
pages such that repeated callers to the allocator have a strong chance of
getting physically contiguous pages, particularly when external fragmentation
is low. However, of the bulk of the allocations have __GFP_COLD set as they
are due to aio_read() for example, then the PFNs are in reverse PFN order.
This can cause performance degration when used with IO controllers that could
have merged the requests.
This patch attempts to preserve the contiguous ordering of PFNs for users of
__GFP_COLD.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reported-by: Narayananu Gopalakrishnan <narayanan.g@samsung.com>
Tested-by: Narayanan Gopalakrishnan <narayanan.g@samsung.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'kmemleak' of git://linux-arm.org/linux-2.6:
kmemleak: Remove alloc_bootmem annotations introduced in the past
kmemleak: Add callbacks to the bootmem allocator
kmemleak: Allow partial freeing of memory blocks
kmemleak: Trace the kmalloc_large* functions in slub
kmemleak: Scan objects allocated during a scanning episode
kmemleak: Do not acquire scan_mutex in kmemleak_open()
kmemleak: Remove the reported leaks number limitation
kmemleak: Add more cond_resched() calls in the scanning thread
kmemleak: Renice the scanning thread to +10
Commit 1faa16d228 accidentally broke
the bdi congestion wait queue logic, causing us to wait on congestion
for WRITE (== 1) when we really wanted BLK_RW_ASYNC (== 0) instead.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
kmemleak_alloc() calls were added in some places where alloc_bootmem was
called. Since now kmemleak tracks bootmem allocations, these explicit
calls should be run.
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
These warnings were observed on MIPS32 using 2.6.31-rc1 and gcc-4.2.0:
mm/page_alloc.c: In function 'alloc_pages_exact':
mm/page_alloc.c:1986: warning: passing argument 1 of 'virt_to_phys' makes pointer from integer without a cast
drivers/usb/mon/mon_bin.c: In function 'mon_alloc_buff':
drivers/usb/mon/mon_bin.c:1264: warning: passing argument 1 of 'virt_to_phys' makes pointer from integer without a cast
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix kernel/perf_counter.c too]
Signed-off-by: Kevin Cernekee <cernekee@gmail.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Nathan reported that
| commit 73d60b7f74
| Author: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
| Date: Tue Jun 16 15:33:00 2009 -0700
|
| page-allocator: clear N_HIGH_MEMORY map before we set it again
|
| SRAT tables may contains nodes of very small size. The arch code may
| decide to not activate such a node. However, currently the early boot
| code sets N_HIGH_MEMORY for such nodes. These nodes therefore seem to be
| active although these nodes have no present pages.
|
| For 64bit N_HIGH_MEMORY == N_NORMAL_MEMORY, so that works for 64 bit too
unintentionally and incorrectly clears the cpuset.mems cgroup attribute on
an i386 kvm guest, meaning that cpuset.mems can not be used.
Fix this by only clearing node_states[N_NORMAL_MEMORY] for 64bit only.
and need to do save/restore for that in find_zone_movable_pfn
Reported-by: Nathan Lynch <ntl@pobox.com>
Tested-by: Nathan Lynch <ntl@pobox.com>
Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>,
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Traditionally, we never failed small orders (even regardless of any
__GFP_NOFAIL flags), and slab will allocate order-1 allocations even for
small allocations that could fit in a single page (in order to avoid
excessive fragmentation).
Maybe we should remove this warning entirely, but before making that
judgement, at least limit it to bigger allocations.
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After downing/upping a cpu, an attempt to set
/proc/sys/vm/percpu_pagelist_fraction results in an oops in
percpu_pagelist_fraction_sysctl_handler().
If a processor is downed then we need to set the pageset pointer back to
the boot pageset.
Updates of the high water marks should not access pagesets of unpopulated
zones (those pointer go to the boot pagesets which would be no longer
functional if their size would be increased beyond zero).
Signed-off-by: Dimitri Sivanich <sivanich@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
da456f1 "page allocator: do not disable interrupts in free_page_mlock()" moved
the PG_mlocked clearing after the flag sanity checking which makes mlocked
pages always trigger 'bad page'. Fix this by clearing the bit up front.
Reported--and-debugged-by: Peter Chubb <peter.chubb@nicta.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Tested-by: Maxim Levitsky <maximlevitsky@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The page allocator also needs the masking of gfp flags during boot,
so this moves it out of slab/slub and uses it with the page allocator
as well.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* akpm: (182 commits)
fbdev: bf54x-lq043fb: use kzalloc over kmalloc/memset
fbdev: *bfin*: fix __dev{init,exit} markings
fbdev: *bfin*: drop unnecessary calls to memset
fbdev: bfin-t350mcqb-fb: drop unused local variables
fbdev: blackfin has __raw I/O accessors, so use them in fb.h
fbdev: s1d13xxxfb: add accelerated bitblt functions
tcx: use standard fields for framebuffer physical address and length
fbdev: add support for handoff from firmware to hw framebuffers
intelfb: fix a bug when changing video timing
fbdev: use framebuffer_release() for freeing fb_info structures
radeon: P2G2CLK_ALWAYS_ONb tested twice, should 2nd be P2G2CLK_DAC_ALWAYS_ONb?
s3c-fb: CPUFREQ frequency scaling support
s3c-fb: fix resource releasing on error during probing
carminefb: fix possible access beyond end of carmine_modedb[]
acornfb: remove fb_mmap function
mb862xxfb: use CONFIG_OF instead of CONFIG_PPC_OF
mb862xxfb: restrict compliation of platform driver to PPC
Samsung SoC Framebuffer driver: add Alpha Channel support
atmel-lcdc: fix pixclock upper bound detection
offb: use framebuffer_alloc() to allocate fb_info struct
...
Manually fix up conflicts due to kmemcheck in mm/slab.c
On NUMA machines, the administrator can configure zone_reclaim_mode that
is a more targetted form of direct reclaim. On machines with large NUMA
distances for example, a zone_reclaim_mode defaults to 1 meaning that
clean unmapped pages will be reclaimed if the zone watermarks are not
being met. The problem is that zone_reclaim() failing at all means the
zone gets marked full.
This can cause situations where a zone is usable, but is being skipped
because it has been considered full. Take a situation where a large tmpfs
mount is occuping a large percentage of memory overall. The pages do not
get cleaned or reclaimed by zone_reclaim(), but the zone gets marked full
and the zonelist cache considers them not worth trying in the future.
This patch makes zone_reclaim() return more fine-grained information about
what occured when zone_reclaim() failued. The zone only gets marked full
if it really is unreclaimable. If it's a case that the scan did not occur
or if enough pages were not reclaimed with the limited reclaim_mode, then
the zone is simply skipped.
There is a side-effect to this patch. Currently, if zone_reclaim()
successfully reclaimed SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, an allocation attempt would go
ahead. With this patch applied, zone watermarks are rechecked after
zone_reclaim() does some work.
This bug was introduced by commit 9276b1bc96
("memory page_alloc zonelist caching speedup") way back in 2.6.19 when the
zonelist_cache was introduced. It was not intended that zone_reclaim()
aggressively consider the zone to be full when it failed as full direct
reclaim can still be an option. Due to the age of the bug, it should be
considered a -stable candidate.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
SRAT tables may contains nodes of very small size. The arch code may
decide to not activate such a node. However, currently the early boot
code sets N_HIGH_MEMORY for such nodes. These nodes therefore seem to be
active although these nodes have no present pages.
For 64bit N_HIGH_MEMORY == N_NORMAL_MEMORY, so that works for 64 bit too
Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <Yinghai@kernel.org>
Tested-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The oom killer must be invoked regardless of the order if the allocation
is __GFP_NOFAIL, otherwise it will loop forever when reclaim fails to free
some memory.
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Solve two problems.
Whenever memory hotplug sucessfully happens, zone->present_pages
have to be changed.
1) Now memory hotplug calls setup_per_zone_wmark_min only when
online_pages called, not offline_pages.
It breaks balance.
2) If zone->present_pages is changed, we also have to change
zone->inactive_ratio. That's because inactive_ratio depends on
zone->present_pages.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Factor the per-zone arithemetic inside setup_per_zone_inactive_ratio()'s
loop into a a separate function, calculate_zone_inactive_ratio(). This
function will be used in a later patch
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Change the names of two functions. It doesn't affect behavior.
Presently, setup_per_zone_pages_min() changes low, high of zone as well as
min. So a better name is setup_per_zone_wmarks(). That's because Mel
changed zone->pages_[hig/low/min] to zone->watermark array in "page
allocator: replace the watermark-related union in struct zone with a
watermark[] array".
* setup_per_zone_pages_min => setup_per_zone_wmarks
Of course, we have to change init_per_zone_pages_min, too. There are not
pages_min any more.
* init_per_zone_pages_min => init_per_zone_wmark_min
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, the following scenario appears to be possible in theory:
* Tasks are frozen for hibernation or suspend.
* Free pages are almost exhausted.
* Certain piece of code in the suspend code path attempts to allocate
some memory using GFP_KERNEL and allocation order less than or
equal to PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER.
* __alloc_pages_internal() cannot find a free page so it invokes the
OOM killer.
* The OOM killer attempts to kill a task, but the task is frozen, so
it doesn't die immediately.
* __alloc_pages_internal() jumps to 'restart', unsuccessfully tries
to find a free page and invokes the OOM killer.
* No progress can be made.
Although it is now hard to trigger during hibernation due to the memory
shrinking carried out by the hibernation code, it is theoretically
possible to trigger during suspend after the memory shrinking has been
removed from that code path. Moreover, since memory allocations are
going to be used for the hibernation memory shrinking, it will be even
more likely to happen during hibernation.
To prevent it from happening, introduce the oom_killer_disabled switch
that will cause __alloc_pages_internal() to fail in the situations in
which the OOM killer would have been called and make the freezer set
this switch after tasks have been successfully frozen.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: be nicer to the namespace]
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@gmail.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
__GFP_NOFAIL is a bad fiction. Allocations _can_ fail, and callers should
detect and suitably handle this (and not by lamely moving the infinite
loop up to the caller level either).
Attempting to use __GFP_NOFAIL for a higher-order allocation is even
worse, so add a once-off runtime check for this to slap people around for
even thinking about trying it.
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The caller of setup_per_zone_inactive_ratio is an __init function. There
is no need to keep the callee after it completed as well. Also fix a
comment.
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@openvz.org>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
int_sqrt() returns 0 if its argument is zero so call it if only needed.
Signed-off-by: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@openvz.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The vmscan batching logic is twisting. Move it into a standalone function
nr_scan_try_batch() and document it. No behavior change.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
alloc_large_system_hash() has logic for freeing pages at the end of an
excessively large power-of-two buffer that is a duplicate of what is in
alloc_pages_exact(). This patch converts alloc_large_system_hash() to use
alloc_pages_exact().
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Callers may speculatively call different allocators in order of preference
trying to allocate a buffer of a given size. The order needed to allocate
this may be larger than what the page allocator can normally handle.
While the allocator mostly does the right thing, it should not direct
reclaim or wakeup kswapd with a bogus order. This patch sanity checks the
order in the slow path and returns NULL if it is too large.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently, free_page_mlock() is only called from page_alloc.c. Thus, we
can move it to page_alloc.c.
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
num_online_nodes() is called in a number of places but most often by the
page allocator when deciding whether the zonelist needs to be filtered
based on cpusets or the zonelist cache. This is actually a heavy function
and touches a number of cache lines.
This patch stores the number of online nodes at boot time and updates the
value when nodes get onlined and offlined. The value is then used in a
number of important paths in place of num_online_nodes().
[rientjes@google.com: do not override definition of node_set_online() with macro]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Local interrupts are disabled when freeing pages to the PCP list. Part of
that free checks what the migratetype of the pageblock the page is in but
it checks this with interrupts disabled and interupts should never be
disabled longer than necessary. This patch checks the pagetype with
interrupts enabled with the impact that it is possible a page is freed to
the wrong list when a pageblock changes type. As that block is now
already considered mixed from an anti-fragmentation perspective, it's not
of vital importance.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When pages are being freed to the buddy allocator, the zone NR_FREE_PAGES
counter must be updated. In the case of bulk per-cpu page freeing, it's
updated once per page. This retouches cache lines more than necessary.
Update the counters one per per-cpu bulk free.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
ALLOC_WMARK_MIN, ALLOC_WMARK_LOW and ALLOC_WMARK_HIGH determin whether
pages_min, pages_low or pages_high is used as the zone watermark when
allocating the pages. Two branches in the allocator hotpath determine
which watermark to use.
This patch uses the flags as an array index into a watermark array that is
indexed with WMARK_* defines accessed via helpers. All call sites that
use zone->pages_* are updated to use the helpers for accessing the values
and the array offsets for setting.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
A number of sanity checks are made on each page allocation and free
including that the page count is zero. page_count() checks for compound
pages and checks the count of the head page if true. However, in these
paths, we do not care if the page is compound or not as the count of each
tail page should also be zero.
This patch makes two changes to the use of page_count() in the free path.
It converts one check of page_count() to a VM_BUG_ON() as the count should
have been unconditionally checked earlier in the free path. It also
avoids checking for compound pages.
[mel@csn.ul.ie: Wrote changelog]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is a zonelist cache which is used to track zones that are not in the
allowed cpuset or found to be recently full. This is to reduce cache
footprint on large machines. On smaller machines, it just incurs cost for
no gain. This patch only uses the zonelist cache when there are NUMA
nodes.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
free_page_mlock() tests and clears PG_mlocked using locked versions of the
bit operations. If set, it disables interrupts to update counters and
this happens on every page free even though interrupts are disabled very
shortly afterwards a second time. This is wasteful.
This patch splits what free_page_mlock() does. The bit check is still
made. However, the update of counters is delayed until the interrupts are
disabled and the non-lock version for clearing the bit is used. One
potential weirdness with this split is that the counters do not get
updated if the bad_page() check is triggered but a system showing bad
pages is getting screwed already.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
get_pageblock_migratetype() is potentially called twice for every page
free. Once, when being freed to the pcp lists and once when being freed
back to buddy. When freeing from the pcp lists, it is known what the
pageblock type was at the time of free so use it rather than rechecking.
In low memory situations under memory pressure, this might skew
anti-fragmentation slightly but the interference is minimal and decisions
that are fragmenting memory are being made anyway.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
__rmqueue_fallback() is in the slow path but has only one call site.
Because there is only one call-site, this function can then be inlined
without causing text bloat. On an x86-based config, it made no difference
as the savings were padded out by NOP instructions. Milage varies but
text will either decrease in size or remain static.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
buffered_rmqueue() is in the fast path so inline it. Because it only has
one call site, this function can then be inlined without causing text
bloat. On an x86-based config, it made no difference as the savings were
padded out by NOP instructions. Milage varies but text will either
decrease in size or remain static.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Inline __rmqueue_smallest by altering flow very slightly so that there is
only one call site. Because there is only one call-site, this function
can then be inlined without causing text bloat. On an x86-based config,
this patch reduces text by 16 bytes.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Allocations that specify __GFP_HIGH get the ALLOC_HIGH flag. If these
flags are equal to each other, we can eliminate a branch.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Suggested the hack]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Factor out the mapping between GFP and alloc_flags only once. Once
factored out, it only needs to be calculated once but some care must be
taken.
[neilb@suse.de says]
As the test:
- if (((p->flags & PF_MEMALLOC) || unlikely(test_thread_flag(TIF_MEMDIE)))
- && !in_interrupt()) {
- if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_NOMEMALLOC)) {
has been replaced with a slightly weaker one:
+ if (alloc_flags & ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS) {
Without care, this would allow recursion into the allocator via direct
reclaim. This patch ensures we do not recurse when PF_MEMALLOC is set but
TF_MEMDIE callers are now allowed to directly reclaim where they would
have been prevented in the past.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
GFP mask is converted into a migratetype when deciding which pagelist to
take a page from. However, it is happening multiple times per allocation,
at least once per zone traversed. Calculate it once.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
get_page_from_freelist() can be called multiple times for an allocation.
Part of this calculates the preferred_zone which is the first usable zone
in the zonelist but the zone depends on the GFP flags specified at the
beginning of the allocation call. This patch calculates preferred_zone
once. It's safe to do this because if preferred_zone is NULL at the start
of the call, no amount of direct reclaim or other actions will change the
fact the allocation will fail.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove (void) casts]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On low-memory systems, anti-fragmentation gets disabled as there is
nothing it can do and it would just incur overhead shuffling pages between
lists constantly. Currently the check is made in the free page fast path
for every page. This patch moves it to a slow path. On machines with low
memory, there will be small amount of additional overhead as pages get
shuffled between lists but it should quickly settle.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The core of the page allocator is one giant function which allocates
memory on the stack and makes calculations that may not be needed for
every allocation. This patch breaks up the allocator path into fast and
slow paths for clarity. Note the slow paths are still inlined but the
entry is marked unlikely. If they were not inlined, it actally increases
text size to generate the as there is only one call site.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It is possible with __GFP_THISNODE that no zones are suitable. This patch
makes sure the check is only made once.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
No user of the allocator API should be passing in an order >= MAX_ORDER
but we check for it on each and every allocation. Delete this check and
make it a VM_BUG_ON check further down the call path.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/VM_BUG_ON/WARN_ON_ONCE/]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The start of a large patch series to clean up and optimise the page
allocator.
The performance improvements are in a wide range depending on the exact
machine but the results I've seen so fair are approximately;
kernbench: 0 to 0.12% (elapsed time)
0.49% to 3.20% (sys time)
aim9: -4% to 30% (for page_test and brk_test)
tbench: -1% to 4%
hackbench: -2.5% to 3.45% (mostly within the noise though)
netperf-udp -1.34% to 4.06% (varies between machines a bit)
netperf-tcp -0.44% to 5.22% (varies between machines a bit)
I haven't sysbench figures at hand, but previously they were within the
-0.5% to 2% range.
On netperf, the client and server were bound to opposite number CPUs to
maximise the problems with cache line bouncing of the struct pages so I
expect different people to report different results for netperf depending
on their exact machine and how they ran the test (different machines, same
cpus client/server, shared cache but two threads client/server, different
socket client/server etc).
I also measured the vmlinux sizes for a single x86-based config with
CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO enabled but not CONFIG_DEBUG_VM. The core of the
.config is based on the Debian Lenny kernel config so I expect it to be
reasonably typical.
This patch:
__alloc_pages_internal is the core page allocator function but essentially
it is an alias of __alloc_pages_nodemask. Naming a publicly available and
exported function "internal" is also a big ugly. This patch renames
__alloc_pages_internal() to __alloc_pages_nodemask() and deletes the old
nodemask function.
Warning - This patch renames an exported symbol. No kernel driver is
affected by external drivers calling __alloc_pages_internal() should
change the call to __alloc_pages_nodemask() without any alteration of
parameters.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On an x86_64 with 4GB ram, tcp_init()'s call to alloc_large_system_hash(),
to allocate tcp_hashinfo.ehash, is now triggering an mmotm WARN_ON_ONCE on
order >= MAX_ORDER - it's hoping for order 11. alloc_large_system_hash()
had better make its own check on the order.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix allocating page cache/slab object on the unallowed node when memory
spread is set by updating tasks' mems_allowed after its cpuset's mems is
changed.
In order to update tasks' mems_allowed in time, we must modify the code of
memory policy. Because the memory policy is applied in the process's
context originally. After applying this patch, one task directly
manipulates anothers mems_allowed, and we use alloc_lock in the
task_struct to protect mems_allowed and memory policy of the task.
But in the fast path, we didn't use lock to protect them, because adding a
lock may lead to performance regression. But if we don't add a lock,the
task might see no nodes when changing cpuset's mems_allowed to some
non-overlapping set. In order to avoid it, we set all new allowed nodes,
then clear newly disallowed ones.
[lee.schermerhorn@hp.com:
The rework of mpol_new() to extract the adjusting of the node mask to
apply cpuset and mpol flags "context" breaks set_mempolicy() and mbind()
with MPOL_PREFERRED and a NULL nodemask--i.e., explicit local
allocation. Fix this by adding the check for MPOL_PREFERRED and empty
node mask to mpol_new_mpolicy().
Remove the now unneeded 'nodes = NULL' from mpol_new().
Note that mpol_new_mempolicy() is always called with a non-NULL
'nodes' parameter now that it has been removed from mpol_new().
Therefore, we don't need to test nodes for NULL before testing it for
'empty'. However, just to be extra paranoid, add a VM_BUG_ON() to
verify this assumption.]
[lee.schermerhorn@hp.com:
I don't think the function name 'mpol_new_mempolicy' is descriptive
enough to differentiate it from mpol_new().
This function applies cpuset set context, usually constraining nodes
to those allowed by the cpuset. However, when the 'RELATIVE_NODES flag
is set, it also translates the nodes. So I settled on
'mpol_set_nodemask()', because the comment block for mpol_new() mentions
that we need to call this function to "set nodes".
Some additional minor line length, whitespace and typo cleanup.]
Signed-off-by: Miao Xie <miaox@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This adds support for tracking the initializedness of memory that
was allocated with the page allocator. Highmem requests are not
tracked.
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
[build fix for !CONFIG_KMEMCHECK]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
[rebased for mainline inclusion]
Signed-off-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@gmail.com>
The alloc_large_system_hash function is called from various places in
the kernel and it contains pointers to other allocated structures. It
therefore needs to be traced by kmemleak.
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
after:
| commit b263295dbf
| Author: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
| Date: Wed Jan 30 13:30:47 2008 +0100
|
| x86: 64-bit, make sparsemem vmemmap the only memory model
we don't have MEMORY_HOTPLUG_RESERVE anymore.
Historically, x86-64 had an architecture-specific method for memory hotplug
whereby it scanned the SRAT for physical memory ranges that could be
potentially used for memory hot-add later. By reserving those ranges
without physical memory, the memmap would be allocated and left dormant
until needed. This depended on the DISCONTIG memory model which has been
removed so the code implementing HOTPLUG_RESERVE is now dead.
This patch removes the dead code used by MEMORY_HOTPLUG_RESERVE.
(Changelog authored by Mel.)
v2: updated changelog, and remove hotadd= in doc
[ Impact: remove dead code ]
Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Workflow-found-OK-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
LKML-Reference: <4A0C4910.7090508@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Clamp zone_batchsize() to 0 under NOMMU conditions to stop
free_hot_cold_page() from queueing and batching frees.
The problem is that under NOMMU conditions it is really important to be
able to allocate large contiguous chunks of memory, but when munmap() or
exit_mmap() releases big stretches of memory, return of these to the buddy
allocator can be deferred, and when it does finally happen, it can be in
small chunks.
Whilst the fragmentation this incurs isn't so much of a problem under MMU
conditions as userspace VM is glued together from individual pages with
the aid of the MMU, it is a real problem if there isn't an MMU.
By clamping the page freeing queue size to 0, pages are returned to the
allocator immediately, and the buddy detector is more likely to be able to
glue them together into large chunks immediately, and fragmentation is
less likely to occur.
By disabling batching of frees, and by turning off the trimming of excess
space during boot, Coldfire can manage to boot.
Reported-by: Lanttor Guo <lanttor.guo@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Lanttor Guo <lanttor.guo@freescale.com>
Cc: Greg Ungerer <gerg@snapgear.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Use roundown_pow_of_two(N) in zone_batchsize() rather than (1 <<
(fls(N)-1)) as they are equivalent, and with the former it is easier to
see what is going on.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Lanttor Guo <lanttor.guo@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux-2.6-cpumask: (36 commits)
cpumask: remove cpumask allocation from idle_balance, fix
numa, cpumask: move numa_node_id default implementation to topology.h, fix
cpumask: remove cpumask allocation from idle_balance
x86: cpumask: x86 mmio-mod.c use cpumask_var_t for downed_cpus
x86: cpumask: update 32-bit APM not to mug current->cpus_allowed
x86: microcode: cleanup
x86: cpumask: use work_on_cpu in arch/x86/kernel/microcode_core.c
cpumask: fix CONFIG_CPUMASK_OFFSTACK=y cpu hotunplug crash
numa, cpumask: move numa_node_id default implementation to topology.h
cpumask: convert node_to_cpumask_map[] to cpumask_var_t
cpumask: remove x86 cpumask_t uses.
cpumask: use cpumask_var_t in uv_flush_tlb_others.
cpumask: remove cpumask_t assignment from vector_allocation_domain()
cpumask: make Xen use the new operators.
cpumask: clean up summit's send_IPI functions
cpumask: use new cpumask functions throughout x86
x86: unify cpu_callin_mask/cpu_callout_mask/cpu_initialized_mask/cpu_sibling_setup_mask
cpumask: convert struct cpuinfo_x86's llc_shared_map to cpumask_var_t
cpumask: convert node_to_cpumask_map[] to cpumask_var_t
x86: unify 32 and 64-bit node_to_cpumask_map
...
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial: (28 commits)
trivial: Update my email address
trivial: NULL noise: drivers/mtd/tests/mtd_*test.c
trivial: NULL noise: drivers/media/dvb/frontends/drx397xD_fw.h
trivial: Fix misspelling of "Celsius".
trivial: remove unused variable 'path' in alloc_file()
trivial: fix a pdlfush -> pdflush typo in comment
trivial: jbd header comment typo fix for JBD_PARANOID_IOFAIL
trivial: wusb: Storage class should be before const qualifier
trivial: drivers/char/bsr.c: Storage class should be before const qualifier
trivial: h8300: Storage class should be before const qualifier
trivial: fix where cgroup documentation is not correctly referred to
trivial: Give the right path in Documentation example
trivial: MTD: remove EOL from MODULE_DESCRIPTION
trivial: Fix typo in bio_split()'s documentation
trivial: PWM: fix of #endif comment
trivial: fix typos/grammar errors in Kconfig texts
trivial: Fix misspelling of firmware
trivial: cgroups: documentation typo and spelling corrections
trivial: Update contact info for Jochen Hein
trivial: fix typo "resgister" -> "register"
...
try_to_free_pages() is used for the direct reclaim of up to
SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages when watermarks are low. The caller to
alloc_pages_nodemask() can specify a nodemask of nodes that are allowed to
be used but this is not passed to try_to_free_pages(). This can lead to
unnecessary reclaim of pages that are unusable by the caller and int the
worst case lead to allocation failure as progress was not been make where
it is needed.
This patch passes the nodemask used for alloc_pages_nodemask() to
try_to_free_pages().
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Impact: cleanup
In almost cases, for_each_zone() is used with populated_zone(). It's
because almost function doesn't need memoryless node information.
Therefore, for_each_populated_zone() can help to make code simplify.
This patch has no functional change.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: small cleanup]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It doesn't change the semantics, but it looks like
the logical 'or' was meant to be used here.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Zaytsev <alexey.zaytsev@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Impact: cleanup
node_to_cpumask (and the blecherous node_to_cpumask_ptr which
contained a declaration) are replaced now everyone implements
cpumask_of_node.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Now, early_pfn_in_nid(PFN, NID) may returns false if PFN is a hole.
and memmap initialization was not done. This was a trouble for
sparc boot.
To fix this, the PFN should be initialized and marked as PG_reserved.
This patch changes early_pfn_in_nid() return true if PFN is a hole.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: David Miller <davem@davemlloft.net>
Tested-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.25.x, 2.6.26.x, 2.6.27.x, 2.6.28.x]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
What's happening is that the assertion in mm/page_alloc.c:move_freepages()
is triggering:
BUG_ON(page_zone(start_page) != page_zone(end_page));
Once I knew this is what was happening, I added some annotations:
if (unlikely(page_zone(start_page) != page_zone(end_page))) {
printk(KERN_ERR "move_freepages: Bogus zones: "
"start_page[%p] end_page[%p] zone[%p]\n",
start_page, end_page, zone);
printk(KERN_ERR "move_freepages: "
"start_zone[%p] end_zone[%p]\n",
page_zone(start_page), page_zone(end_page));
printk(KERN_ERR "move_freepages: "
"start_pfn[0x%lx] end_pfn[0x%lx]\n",
page_to_pfn(start_page), page_to_pfn(end_page));
printk(KERN_ERR "move_freepages: "
"start_nid[%d] end_nid[%d]\n",
page_to_nid(start_page), page_to_nid(end_page));
...
And here's what I got:
move_freepages: Bogus zones: start_page[2207d0000] end_page[2207dffc0] zone[fffff8103effcb00]
move_freepages: start_zone[fffff8103effcb00] end_zone[fffff8003fffeb00]
move_freepages: start_pfn[0x81f600] end_pfn[0x81f7ff]
move_freepages: start_nid[1] end_nid[0]
My memory layout on this box is:
[ 0.000000] Zone PFN ranges:
[ 0.000000] Normal 0x00000000 -> 0x0081ff5d
[ 0.000000] Movable zone start PFN for each node
[ 0.000000] early_node_map[8] active PFN ranges
[ 0.000000] 0: 0x00000000 -> 0x00020000
[ 0.000000] 1: 0x00800000 -> 0x0081f7ff
[ 0.000000] 1: 0x0081f800 -> 0x0081fe50
[ 0.000000] 1: 0x0081fed1 -> 0x0081fed8
[ 0.000000] 1: 0x0081feda -> 0x0081fedb
[ 0.000000] 1: 0x0081fedd -> 0x0081fee5
[ 0.000000] 1: 0x0081fee7 -> 0x0081ff51
[ 0.000000] 1: 0x0081ff59 -> 0x0081ff5d
So it's a block move in that 0x81f600-->0x81f7ff region which triggers
the problem.
This patch:
Declaration of early_pfn_to_nid() is scattered over per-arch include
files, and it seems it's complicated to know when the declaration is used.
I think it makes fix-for-memmap-init not easy.
This patch moves all declaration to include/linux/mm.h
After this,
if !CONFIG_NODES_POPULATES_NODE_MAP && !CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_EARLY_PFN_TO_NID
-> Use static definition in include/linux/mm.h
else if !CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_EARLY_PFN_TO_NID
-> Use generic definition in mm/page_alloc.c
else
-> per-arch back end function will be called.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: David Miller <davem@davemlloft.net>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.25.x, 2.6.26.x, 2.6.27.x, 2.6.28.x]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Here is another version, with the incremental patch rolled up, and
added reclaim context annotation to kswapd, and allocation tracing
to slab allocators (which may only ever reach the page allocator
in rare cases, so it is good to put annotations here too).
Haven't tested this version as such, but it should be getting closer
to merge worthy ;)
--
After noticing some code in mm/filemap.c accidentally perform a __GFP_FS
allocation when it should not have been, I thought it might be a good idea to
try to catch this kind of thing with lockdep.
I coded up a little idea that seems to work. Unfortunately the system has to
actually be in __GFP_FS page reclaim, then take the lock, before it will mark
it. But at least that might still be some orders of magnitude more common
(and more debuggable) than an actual deadlock condition, so we have some
improvement I hope (the concept is no less complete than discovery of a lock's
interrupt contexts).
I guess we could even do the same thing with __GFP_IO (normal reclaim), and
even GFP_NOIO locks too... but filesystems will have the most locks and fiddly
code paths, so let's start there and see how it goes.
It *seems* to work. I did a quick test.
=================================
[ INFO: inconsistent lock state ]
2.6.28-rc6-00007-ged31348-dirty #26
---------------------------------
inconsistent {in-reclaim-W} -> {ov-reclaim-W} usage.
modprobe/8526 [HC0[0]:SC0[0]:HE1:SE1] takes:
(testlock){--..}, at: [<ffffffffa0020055>] brd_init+0x55/0x216 [brd]
{in-reclaim-W} state was registered at:
[<ffffffff80267bdb>] __lock_acquire+0x75b/0x1a60
[<ffffffff80268f71>] lock_acquire+0x91/0xc0
[<ffffffff8070f0e1>] mutex_lock_nested+0xb1/0x310
[<ffffffffa002002b>] brd_init+0x2b/0x216 [brd]
[<ffffffff8020903b>] _stext+0x3b/0x170
[<ffffffff80272ebf>] sys_init_module+0xaf/0x1e0
[<ffffffff8020c3fb>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
[<ffffffffffffffff>] 0xffffffffffffffff
irq event stamp: 3929
hardirqs last enabled at (3929): [<ffffffff8070f2b5>] mutex_lock_nested+0x285/0x310
hardirqs last disabled at (3928): [<ffffffff8070f089>] mutex_lock_nested+0x59/0x310
softirqs last enabled at (3732): [<ffffffff8061f623>] sk_filter+0x83/0xe0
softirqs last disabled at (3730): [<ffffffff8061f5b6>] sk_filter+0x16/0xe0
other info that might help us debug this:
1 lock held by modprobe/8526:
#0: (testlock){--..}, at: [<ffffffffa0020055>] brd_init+0x55/0x216 [brd]
stack backtrace:
Pid: 8526, comm: modprobe Not tainted 2.6.28-rc6-00007-ged31348-dirty #26
Call Trace:
[<ffffffff80265483>] print_usage_bug+0x193/0x1d0
[<ffffffff80266530>] mark_lock+0xaf0/0xca0
[<ffffffff80266735>] mark_held_locks+0x55/0xc0
[<ffffffffa0020000>] ? brd_init+0x0/0x216 [brd]
[<ffffffff802667ca>] trace_reclaim_fs+0x2a/0x60
[<ffffffff80285005>] __alloc_pages_internal+0x475/0x580
[<ffffffff8070f29e>] ? mutex_lock_nested+0x26e/0x310
[<ffffffffa0020000>] ? brd_init+0x0/0x216 [brd]
[<ffffffffa002006a>] brd_init+0x6a/0x216 [brd]
[<ffffffffa0020000>] ? brd_init+0x0/0x216 [brd]
[<ffffffff8020903b>] _stext+0x3b/0x170
[<ffffffff8070f8b9>] ? mutex_unlock+0x9/0x10
[<ffffffff8070f83d>] ? __mutex_unlock_slowpath+0x10d/0x180
[<ffffffff802669ec>] ? trace_hardirqs_on_caller+0x12c/0x190
[<ffffffff80272ebf>] sys_init_module+0xaf/0x1e0
[<ffffffff8020c3fb>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
No architectures use CONFIG_OUT_OF_LINE_PFN_TO_PAGE - it can be removed.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
bad_page() and rmap Eeek messages have said KERN_EMERG for a few years,
which I've followed in print_bad_pte(). These are serious system errors,
on a par with BUGs, but they're not quite emergencies, and we do our best
to carry on: say KERN_ALERT "BUG: " like the x86 oops does.
And remove the "Trying to fix it up, but a reboot is needed" line: it's
not untrue, but I hope the KERN_ALERT "BUG: " conveys as much.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
print_bad_pte() and bad_page() might each need ratelimiting - especially
for their dump_stacks, almost never of interest, yet not quite
dispensible. Correlating corruption across neighbouring entries can be
very helpful, so allow a burst of 60 reports before keeping quiet for the
remainder of that minute (or allow a steady drip of one report per
second).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
print_bad_pte() is so far being called only when zap_pte_range() finds
negative page_mapcount, or there's a fault on a pte_file where it does not
belong. That's weak coverage when we suspect pagetable corruption.
Originally, it was called when vm_normal_page() found an invalid pfn: but
pfn_valid is expensive on some architectures and configurations, so 2.6.24
put that under CONFIG_DEBUG_VM (which doesn't help in the field), then
2.6.26 replaced it by a VM_BUG_ON (likewise).
Reinstate the print_bad_pte() in vm_normal_page(), but use a cheaper test
than pfn_valid(): memmap_init_zone() (used in bootup and hotplug) keep a
__read_mostly note of the highest_memmap_pfn, vm_normal_page() then check
pfn against that. We could call this pfn_plausible() or pfn_sane(), but I
doubt we'll need it elsewhere: of course it's not reliable, but gives much
stronger pagetable validation on many boxes.
Also use print_bad_pte() when the pte_special bit is found outside a
VM_PFNMAP or VM_MIXEDMAP area, instead of VM_BUG_ON.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now that bad pages are kept out of circulation, there is no need for the
infamous page_remove_rmap() BUG() - once that page is freed, its negative
mapcount will issue a "Bad page state" message and the page won't be
freed. Removing the BUG() allows more info, on subsequent pages, to be
gathered.
We do have more info about the page at this point than bad_page() can know
- notably, what the pmd is, which might pinpoint something like low 64kB
corruption - but page_remove_rmap() isn't given the address to find that.
In practice, there is only one call to page_remove_rmap() which has ever
reported anything, that from zap_pte_range() (usually on exit, sometimes
on munmap). It has all the info, so remove page_remove_rmap()'s "Eeek"
message and leave it all to zap_pte_range().
mm/memory.c already has a hardly used print_bad_pte() function, showing
some of the appropriate info: extend it to show what we want for the rmap
case: pte info, page info (when there is a page) and vma info to compare.
zap_pte_range() already knows the pmd, but print_bad_pte() is easier to
use if it works that out for itself.
Some of this info is also shown in bad_page()'s "Bad page state" message.
Keep them separate, but adjust them to match each other as far as
possible. Say "Bad page map" in print_bad_pte(), and add a TAINT_BAD_PAGE
there too.
print_bad_pte() show current->comm unconditionally (though it should get
repeated in the usually irrelevant stack trace): sorry, I misled Nick
Piggin to make it conditional on vm_mm == current->mm, but current->mm is
already NULL in the exit case. Usually current->comm is good, though
exceptionally it may not be that of the mm (when "swapoff" for example).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Until now the bad_page() checkers have special-cased PageReserved, keeping
those pages out of circulation thereafter. Now extend the special case to
all: we want to keep ANY page with bad state out of circulation - the
"free" page may well be in use by something.
Leave the bad state of those pages untouched, for examination by
debuggers; except for PageBuddy - leaving that set would risk bringing the
page back.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Simplify the PAGE_FLAGS checking and clearing when freeing and allocating
a page: check the same flags as before when freeing, clear ALL the flags
(unless PageReserved) when freeing, check ALL flags off when allocating.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Sparse output following warning.
mm/page_alloc.c:4301:6: warning: symbol 'setup_per_zone_inactive_ratio' was not declared. Should it be static?
cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rik suggests a simplified get_scan_ratio() for !CONFIG_SWAP. Yes, the gcc
optimizer gives us that, when nr_swap_pages is #defined as 0L. Move usual
declaration to swapfile.c: it never belonged in page_alloc.c.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Mel Gorman