![Linus Torvalds](/assets/img/avatar_default.png)
Pull networking updates from David Miller: "Some highlights from this development cycle: 1) Big refactoring of ipv6 route and neigh handling to support nexthop objects configurable as units from userspace. From David Ahern. 2) Convert explored_states in BPF verifier into a hash table, significantly decreased state held for programs with bpf2bpf calls, from Alexei Starovoitov. 3) Implement bpf_send_signal() helper, from Yonghong Song. 4) Various classifier enhancements to mvpp2 driver, from Maxime Chevallier. 5) Add aRFS support to hns3 driver, from Jian Shen. 6) Fix use after free in inet frags by allocating fqdirs dynamically and reworking how rhashtable dismantle occurs, from Eric Dumazet. 7) Add act_ctinfo packet classifier action, from Kevin Darbyshire-Bryant. 8) Add TFO key backup infrastructure, from Jason Baron. 9) Remove several old and unused ISDN drivers, from Arnd Bergmann. 10) Add devlink notifications for flash update status to mlxsw driver, from Jiri Pirko. 11) Lots of kTLS offload infrastructure fixes, from Jakub Kicinski. 12) Add support for mv88e6250 DSA chips, from Rasmus Villemoes. 13) Various enhancements to ipv6 flow label handling, from Eric Dumazet and Willem de Bruijn. 14) Support TLS offload in nfp driver, from Jakub Kicinski, Dirk van der Merwe, and others. 15) Various improvements to axienet driver including converting it to phylink, from Robert Hancock. 16) Add PTP support to sja1105 DSA driver, from Vladimir Oltean. 17) Add mqprio qdisc offload support to dpaa2-eth, from Ioana Radulescu. 18) Add devlink health reporting to mlx5, from Moshe Shemesh. 19) Convert stmmac over to phylink, from Jose Abreu. 20) Add PTP PHC (Physical Hardware Clock) support to mlxsw, from Shalom Toledo. 21) Add nftables SYNPROXY support, from Fernando Fernandez Mancera. 22) Convert tcp_fastopen over to use SipHash, from Ard Biesheuvel. 23) Track spill/fill of constants in BPF verifier, from Alexei Starovoitov. 24) Support bounded loops in BPF, from Alexei Starovoitov. 25) Various page_pool API fixes and improvements, from Jesper Dangaard Brouer. 26) Just like ipv4, support ref-countless ipv6 route handling. From Wei Wang. 27) Support VLAN offloading in aquantia driver, from Igor Russkikh. 28) Add AF_XDP zero-copy support to mlx5, from Maxim Mikityanskiy. 29) Add flower GRE encap/decap support to nfp driver, from Pieter Jansen van Vuuren. 30) Protect against stack overflow when using act_mirred, from John Hurley. 31) Allow devmap map lookups from eBPF, from Toke Høiland-Jørgensen. 32) Use page_pool API in netsec driver, Ilias Apalodimas. 33) Add Google gve network driver, from Catherine Sullivan. 34) More indirect call avoidance, from Paolo Abeni. 35) Add kTLS TX HW offload support to mlx5, from Tariq Toukan. 36) Add XDP_REDIRECT support to bnxt_en, from Andy Gospodarek. 37) Add MPLS manipulation actions to TC, from John Hurley. 38) Add sending a packet to connection tracking from TC actions, and then allow flower classifier matching on conntrack state. From Paul Blakey. 39) Netfilter hw offload support, from Pablo Neira Ayuso" * git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-next: (2080 commits) net/mlx5e: Return in default case statement in tx_post_resync_params mlx5: Return -EINVAL when WARN_ON_ONCE triggers in mlx5e_tls_resync(). net: dsa: add support for BRIDGE_MROUTER attribute pkt_sched: Include const.h net: netsec: remove static declaration for netsec_set_tx_de() net: netsec: remove superfluous if statement netfilter: nf_tables: add hardware offload support net: flow_offload: rename tc_cls_flower_offload to flow_cls_offload net: flow_offload: add flow_block_cb_is_busy() and use it net: sched: remove tcf block API drivers: net: use flow block API net: sched: use flow block API net: flow_offload: add flow_block_cb_{priv, incref, decref}() net: flow_offload: add list handling functions net: flow_offload: add flow_block_cb_alloc() and flow_block_cb_free() net: flow_offload: rename TCF_BLOCK_BINDER_TYPE_* to FLOW_BLOCK_BINDER_TYPE_* net: flow_offload: rename TC_BLOCK_{UN}BIND to FLOW_BLOCK_{UN}BIND net: flow_offload: add flow_block_cb_setup_simple() net: hisilicon: Add an tx_desc to adapt HI13X1_GMAC net: hisilicon: Add an rx_desc to adapt HI13X1_GMAC ...
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ReStructuredText
.. _changes:
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Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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Intro
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=====
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This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
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software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
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This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
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and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
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Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
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'net).
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Current Minimal Requirements
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****************************
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Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
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encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
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running, the suggested command should tell you.
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Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
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running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
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systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
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you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
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====================== =============== ========================================
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Program Minimal version Command to check the version
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====================== =============== ========================================
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GNU C 4.6 gcc --version
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GNU make 3.81 make --version
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binutils 2.21 ld -v
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flex 2.5.35 flex --version
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bison 2.0 bison --version
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util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
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kmod 13 depmod -V
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e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
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jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
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reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
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xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
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squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
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btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
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pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
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quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
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PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
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nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
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procps 3.2.0 ps --version
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oprofile 0.9 oprofiled --version
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udev 081 udevd --version
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grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
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mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
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iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
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openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
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bc 1.06.95 bc --version
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Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.3 sphinx-build --version
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====================== =============== ========================================
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.. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
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Kernel compilation
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******************
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GCC
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---
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The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
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computer.
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Make
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----
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You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
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Binutils
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--------
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Binutils 2.21 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
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pkg-config
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----------
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The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
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kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
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'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
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verified or documented.
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Flex
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----
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Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
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during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
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Bison
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-----
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Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
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during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
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Perl
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----
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You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
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``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
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BC
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--
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You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
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OpenSSL
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-------
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Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
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crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
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You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
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enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
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and higher.
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System utilities
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****************
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Architectural changes
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---------------------
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DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
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(http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
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32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
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Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
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documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
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definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
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files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
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then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
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In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
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Sphinx.
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Util-linux
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----------
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New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
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support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
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types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
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You'll probably want to upgrade.
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Ksymoops
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--------
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If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
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ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
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It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
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that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
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produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
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is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
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reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
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with ksymoops.
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Mkinitrd
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--------
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These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
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mkinitrd be upgraded.
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E2fsprogs
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---------
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The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
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debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
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JFSutils
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--------
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The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
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The following utilities are available:
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- ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
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and repair a JFS formatted partition.
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- ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
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- other file system utilities are also available in this package.
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Reiserfsprogs
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-------------
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The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
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(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
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versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
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``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
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Xfsprogs
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--------
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The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
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``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
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architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
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work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
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later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
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PCMCIAutils
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-----------
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PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
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PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
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for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
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subsystem is used.
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Quota-tools
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-----------
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Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
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the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
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newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
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from the table above.
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Intel IA32 microcode
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--------------------
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A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
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accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
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udev you may need to::
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mkdir /dev/cpu
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mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
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chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
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as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
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get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
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udev
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----
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``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
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only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
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functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
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devices.
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FUSE
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----
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Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
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options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
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Networking
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**********
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General changes
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---------------
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If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
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consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
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Packet Filter / NAT
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-------------------
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The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
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kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
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for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
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PPP
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---
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The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
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enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
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upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
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If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
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which can be made by::
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mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
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as root.
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NFS-utils
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---------
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In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
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about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
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information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
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mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
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would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
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This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
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which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
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fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
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getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
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With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
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when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
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appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
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dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
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currently active clients.
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To enable this new functionality, you need to::
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mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
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before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
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services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
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that is possible.
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mcelog
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------
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On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
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events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
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reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
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Kernel documentation
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********************
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Sphinx
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|
------
|
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Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
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for details about Sphinx requirements.
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Getting updated software
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========================
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Kernel compilation
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******************
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gcc
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---
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- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
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Make
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----
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- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
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Binutils
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--------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
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Flex
|
|
----
|
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|
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- <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
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|
|
Bison
|
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-----
|
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- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
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|
|
OpenSSL
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-------
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- <https://www.openssl.org/>
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System utilities
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****************
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Util-linux
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----------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
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Kmod
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----
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
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- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
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Ksymoops
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--------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
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Mkinitrd
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--------
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- <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
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E2fsprogs
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---------
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- <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz>
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JFSutils
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--------
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- <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
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Reiserfsprogs
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-------------
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- <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/>
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Xfsprogs
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--------
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- <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/>
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Pcmciautils
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-----------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
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Quota-tools
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-----------
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- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
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Intel P6 microcode
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------------------
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- <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
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udev
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----
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- <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
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FUSE
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----
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- <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
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mcelog
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------
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- <http://www.mcelog.org/>
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Networking
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**********
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PPP
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---
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- <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
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NFS-utils
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---------
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- <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
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Iptables
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--------
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- <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html>
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Ip-route2
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---------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
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OProfile
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--------
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- <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
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NFS-Utils
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---------
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- <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
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Kernel documentation
|
|
********************
|
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|
|
Sphinx
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
- <http://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
|