![Johannes Weiner](/assets/img/avatar_default.png)
Reclaim decides to skip scanning an active list when the corresponding inactive list is above a certain size in comparison to leave the assumed working set alone while there are still enough reclaim candidates around. The memcg implementation of comparing those lists instead reports whether the whole memcg is low on the requested type of inactive pages, considering all nodes and zones. This can lead to an oversized active list not being scanned because of the state of the other lists in the memcg, as well as an active list being scanned while its corresponding inactive list has enough pages. Not only is this wrong, it's also a scalability hazard, because the global memory state over all nodes and zones has to be gathered for each memcg and zone scanned. Make these calculations purely based on the size of the two LRU lists that are actually affected by the outcome of the decision. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com> Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp> Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
711 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
711 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
Memory Resource Controller
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NOTE: The Memory Resource Controller has generically been referred to as the
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memory controller in this document. Do not confuse memory controller
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used here with the memory controller that is used in hardware.
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(For editors)
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In this document:
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When we mention a cgroup (cgroupfs's directory) with memory controller,
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we call it "memory cgroup". When you see git-log and source code, you'll
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see patch's title and function names tend to use "memcg".
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In this document, we avoid using it.
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Benefits and Purpose of the memory controller
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The memory controller isolates the memory behaviour of a group of tasks
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from the rest of the system. The article on LWN [12] mentions some probable
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uses of the memory controller. The memory controller can be used to
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a. Isolate an application or a group of applications
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Memory hungry applications can be isolated and limited to a smaller
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amount of memory.
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b. Create a cgroup with limited amount of memory, this can be used
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as a good alternative to booting with mem=XXXX.
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c. Virtualization solutions can control the amount of memory they want
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to assign to a virtual machine instance.
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d. A CD/DVD burner could control the amount of memory used by the
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rest of the system to ensure that burning does not fail due to lack
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of available memory.
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e. There are several other use cases, find one or use the controller just
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for fun (to learn and hack on the VM subsystem).
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Current Status: linux-2.6.34-mmotm(development version of 2010/April)
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Features:
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- accounting anonymous pages, file caches, swap caches usage and limiting them.
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- private LRU and reclaim routine. (system's global LRU and private LRU
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work independently from each other)
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- optionally, memory+swap usage can be accounted and limited.
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- hierarchical accounting
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- soft limit
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- moving(recharging) account at moving a task is selectable.
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- usage threshold notifier
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- oom-killer disable knob and oom-notifier
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- Root cgroup has no limit controls.
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Kernel memory and Hugepages are not under control yet. We just manage
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pages on LRU. To add more controls, we have to take care of performance.
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Brief summary of control files.
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tasks # attach a task(thread) and show list of threads
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cgroup.procs # show list of processes
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cgroup.event_control # an interface for event_fd()
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memory.usage_in_bytes # show current res_counter usage for memory
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(See 5.5 for details)
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memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes # show current res_counter usage for memory+Swap
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(See 5.5 for details)
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memory.limit_in_bytes # set/show limit of memory usage
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memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes # set/show limit of memory+Swap usage
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memory.failcnt # show the number of memory usage hits limits
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memory.memsw.failcnt # show the number of memory+Swap hits limits
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memory.max_usage_in_bytes # show max memory usage recorded
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memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes # show max memory+Swap usage recorded
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memory.soft_limit_in_bytes # set/show soft limit of memory usage
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memory.stat # show various statistics
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memory.use_hierarchy # set/show hierarchical account enabled
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memory.force_empty # trigger forced move charge to parent
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memory.swappiness # set/show swappiness parameter of vmscan
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(See sysctl's vm.swappiness)
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memory.move_charge_at_immigrate # set/show controls of moving charges
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memory.oom_control # set/show oom controls.
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memory.numa_stat # show the number of memory usage per numa node
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1. History
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The memory controller has a long history. A request for comments for the memory
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controller was posted by Balbir Singh [1]. At the time the RFC was posted
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there were several implementations for memory control. The goal of the
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RFC was to build consensus and agreement for the minimal features required
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for memory control. The first RSS controller was posted by Balbir Singh[2]
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in Feb 2007. Pavel Emelianov [3][4][5] has since posted three versions of the
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RSS controller. At OLS, at the resource management BoF, everyone suggested
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that we handle both page cache and RSS together. Another request was raised
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to allow user space handling of OOM. The current memory controller is
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at version 6; it combines both mapped (RSS) and unmapped Page
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Cache Control [11].
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2. Memory Control
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Memory is a unique resource in the sense that it is present in a limited
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amount. If a task requires a lot of CPU processing, the task can spread
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its processing over a period of hours, days, months or years, but with
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memory, the same physical memory needs to be reused to accomplish the task.
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The memory controller implementation has been divided into phases. These
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are:
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1. Memory controller
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2. mlock(2) controller
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3. Kernel user memory accounting and slab control
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4. user mappings length controller
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The memory controller is the first controller developed.
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2.1. Design
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The core of the design is a counter called the res_counter. The res_counter
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tracks the current memory usage and limit of the group of processes associated
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with the controller. Each cgroup has a memory controller specific data
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structure (mem_cgroup) associated with it.
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2.2. Accounting
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+--------------------+
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| mem_cgroup |
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| (res_counter) |
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+--------------------+
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/ ^ \
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/ | \
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+---------------+ | +---------------+
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| mm_struct | |.... | mm_struct |
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| | | | |
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+---------------+ | +---------------+
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+ --------------+
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+---------------+ +------+--------+
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| page +----------> page_cgroup|
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| | | |
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+---------------+ +---------------+
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(Figure 1: Hierarchy of Accounting)
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Figure 1 shows the important aspects of the controller
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1. Accounting happens per cgroup
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2. Each mm_struct knows about which cgroup it belongs to
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3. Each page has a pointer to the page_cgroup, which in turn knows the
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cgroup it belongs to
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The accounting is done as follows: mem_cgroup_charge() is invoked to setup
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the necessary data structures and check if the cgroup that is being charged
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is over its limit. If it is then reclaim is invoked on the cgroup.
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More details can be found in the reclaim section of this document.
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If everything goes well, a page meta-data-structure called page_cgroup is
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updated. page_cgroup has its own LRU on cgroup.
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(*) page_cgroup structure is allocated at boot/memory-hotplug time.
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2.2.1 Accounting details
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All mapped anon pages (RSS) and cache pages (Page Cache) are accounted.
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Some pages which are never reclaimable and will not be on the global LRU
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are not accounted. We just account pages under usual VM management.
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RSS pages are accounted at page_fault unless they've already been accounted
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for earlier. A file page will be accounted for as Page Cache when it's
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inserted into inode (radix-tree). While it's mapped into the page tables of
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processes, duplicate accounting is carefully avoided.
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A RSS page is unaccounted when it's fully unmapped. A PageCache page is
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unaccounted when it's removed from radix-tree. Even if RSS pages are fully
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unmapped (by kswapd), they may exist as SwapCache in the system until they
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are really freed. Such SwapCaches also also accounted.
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A swapped-in page is not accounted until it's mapped.
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Note: The kernel does swapin-readahead and read multiple swaps at once.
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This means swapped-in pages may contain pages for other tasks than a task
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causing page fault. So, we avoid accounting at swap-in I/O.
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At page migration, accounting information is kept.
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Note: we just account pages-on-LRU because our purpose is to control amount
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of used pages; not-on-LRU pages tend to be out-of-control from VM view.
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2.3 Shared Page Accounting
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Shared pages are accounted on the basis of the first touch approach. The
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cgroup that first touches a page is accounted for the page. The principle
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behind this approach is that a cgroup that aggressively uses a shared
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page will eventually get charged for it (once it is uncharged from
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the cgroup that brought it in -- this will happen on memory pressure).
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Exception: If CONFIG_CGROUP_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR_SWAP is not used.
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When you do swapoff and make swapped-out pages of shmem(tmpfs) to
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be backed into memory in force, charges for pages are accounted against the
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caller of swapoff rather than the users of shmem.
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2.4 Swap Extension (CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR_SWAP)
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Swap Extension allows you to record charge for swap. A swapped-in page is
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charged back to original page allocator if possible.
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When swap is accounted, following files are added.
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- memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes.
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- memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes.
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memsw means memory+swap. Usage of memory+swap is limited by
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memsw.limit_in_bytes.
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Example: Assume a system with 4G of swap. A task which allocates 6G of memory
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(by mistake) under 2G memory limitation will use all swap.
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In this case, setting memsw.limit_in_bytes=3G will prevent bad use of swap.
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By using memsw limit, you can avoid system OOM which can be caused by swap
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shortage.
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* why 'memory+swap' rather than swap.
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The global LRU(kswapd) can swap out arbitrary pages. Swap-out means
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to move account from memory to swap...there is no change in usage of
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memory+swap. In other words, when we want to limit the usage of swap without
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affecting global LRU, memory+swap limit is better than just limiting swap from
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OS point of view.
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* What happens when a cgroup hits memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes
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When a cgroup hits memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes, it's useless to do swap-out
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in this cgroup. Then, swap-out will not be done by cgroup routine and file
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caches are dropped. But as mentioned above, global LRU can do swapout memory
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from it for sanity of the system's memory management state. You can't forbid
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it by cgroup.
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2.5 Reclaim
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Each cgroup maintains a per cgroup LRU which has the same structure as
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global VM. When a cgroup goes over its limit, we first try
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to reclaim memory from the cgroup so as to make space for the new
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pages that the cgroup has touched. If the reclaim is unsuccessful,
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an OOM routine is invoked to select and kill the bulkiest task in the
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cgroup. (See 10. OOM Control below.)
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The reclaim algorithm has not been modified for cgroups, except that
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pages that are selected for reclaiming come from the per cgroup LRU
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list.
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NOTE: Reclaim does not work for the root cgroup, since we cannot set any
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limits on the root cgroup.
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Note2: When panic_on_oom is set to "2", the whole system will panic.
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When oom event notifier is registered, event will be delivered.
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(See oom_control section)
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2.6 Locking
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lock_page_cgroup()/unlock_page_cgroup() should not be called under
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mapping->tree_lock.
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Other lock order is following:
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PG_locked.
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mm->page_table_lock
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zone->lru_lock
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lock_page_cgroup.
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In many cases, just lock_page_cgroup() is called.
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per-zone-per-cgroup LRU (cgroup's private LRU) is just guarded by
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zone->lru_lock, it has no lock of its own.
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3. User Interface
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0. Configuration
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a. Enable CONFIG_CGROUPS
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b. Enable CONFIG_RESOURCE_COUNTERS
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c. Enable CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR
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d. Enable CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR_SWAP (to use swap extension)
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1. Prepare the cgroups (see cgroups.txt, Why are cgroups needed?)
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# mount -t tmpfs none /sys/fs/cgroup
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# mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/memory
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# mount -t cgroup none /sys/fs/cgroup/memory -o memory
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2. Make the new group and move bash into it
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# mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0
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# echo $$ > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/tasks
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Since now we're in the 0 cgroup, we can alter the memory limit:
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# echo 4M > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/memory.limit_in_bytes
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NOTE: We can use a suffix (k, K, m, M, g or G) to indicate values in kilo,
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mega or gigabytes. (Here, Kilo, Mega, Giga are Kibibytes, Mebibytes, Gibibytes.)
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NOTE: We can write "-1" to reset the *.limit_in_bytes(unlimited).
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NOTE: We cannot set limits on the root cgroup any more.
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# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/memory.limit_in_bytes
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4194304
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We can check the usage:
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# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/memory.usage_in_bytes
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1216512
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A successful write to this file does not guarantee a successful set of
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this limit to the value written into the file. This can be due to a
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number of factors, such as rounding up to page boundaries or the total
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availability of memory on the system. The user is required to re-read
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this file after a write to guarantee the value committed by the kernel.
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# echo 1 > memory.limit_in_bytes
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# cat memory.limit_in_bytes
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4096
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The memory.failcnt field gives the number of times that the cgroup limit was
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exceeded.
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The memory.stat file gives accounting information. Now, the number of
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caches, RSS and Active pages/Inactive pages are shown.
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4. Testing
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For testing features and implementation, see memcg_test.txt.
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Performance test is also important. To see pure memory controller's overhead,
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testing on tmpfs will give you good numbers of small overheads.
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Example: do kernel make on tmpfs.
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Page-fault scalability is also important. At measuring parallel
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page fault test, multi-process test may be better than multi-thread
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test because it has noise of shared objects/status.
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But the above two are testing extreme situations.
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Trying usual test under memory controller is always helpful.
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4.1 Troubleshooting
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Sometimes a user might find that the application under a cgroup is
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terminated by OOM killer. There are several causes for this:
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1. The cgroup limit is too low (just too low to do anything useful)
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2. The user is using anonymous memory and swap is turned off or too low
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A sync followed by echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches will help get rid of
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some of the pages cached in the cgroup (page cache pages).
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To know what happens, disable OOM_Kill by 10. OOM Control(see below) and
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seeing what happens will be helpful.
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4.2 Task migration
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When a task migrates from one cgroup to another, its charge is not
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carried forward by default. The pages allocated from the original cgroup still
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remain charged to it, the charge is dropped when the page is freed or
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reclaimed.
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You can move charges of a task along with task migration.
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See 8. "Move charges at task migration"
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4.3 Removing a cgroup
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A cgroup can be removed by rmdir, but as discussed in sections 4.1 and 4.2, a
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cgroup might have some charge associated with it, even though all
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tasks have migrated away from it. (because we charge against pages, not
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against tasks.)
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Such charges are freed or moved to their parent. At moving, both of RSS
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and CACHES are moved to parent.
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rmdir() may return -EBUSY if freeing/moving fails. See 5.1 also.
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Charges recorded in swap information is not updated at removal of cgroup.
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Recorded information is discarded and a cgroup which uses swap (swapcache)
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will be charged as a new owner of it.
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5. Misc. interfaces.
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5.1 force_empty
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memory.force_empty interface is provided to make cgroup's memory usage empty.
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You can use this interface only when the cgroup has no tasks.
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When writing anything to this
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# echo 0 > memory.force_empty
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Almost all pages tracked by this memory cgroup will be unmapped and freed.
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Some pages cannot be freed because they are locked or in-use. Such pages are
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moved to parent and this cgroup will be empty. This may return -EBUSY if
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VM is too busy to free/move all pages immediately.
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Typical use case of this interface is that calling this before rmdir().
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Because rmdir() moves all pages to parent, some out-of-use page caches can be
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moved to the parent. If you want to avoid that, force_empty will be useful.
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5.2 stat file
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memory.stat file includes following statistics
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# per-memory cgroup local status
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cache - # of bytes of page cache memory.
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rss - # of bytes of anonymous and swap cache memory.
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mapped_file - # of bytes of mapped file (includes tmpfs/shmem)
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pgpgin - # of pages paged in (equivalent to # of charging events).
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pgpgout - # of pages paged out (equivalent to # of uncharging events).
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swap - # of bytes of swap usage
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inactive_anon - # of bytes of anonymous memory and swap cache memory on
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LRU list.
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active_anon - # of bytes of anonymous and swap cache memory on active
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inactive LRU list.
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inactive_file - # of bytes of file-backed memory on inactive LRU list.
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active_file - # of bytes of file-backed memory on active LRU list.
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unevictable - # of bytes of memory that cannot be reclaimed (mlocked etc).
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# status considering hierarchy (see memory.use_hierarchy settings)
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hierarchical_memory_limit - # of bytes of memory limit with regard to hierarchy
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under which the memory cgroup is
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hierarchical_memsw_limit - # of bytes of memory+swap limit with regard to
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hierarchy under which memory cgroup is.
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total_cache - sum of all children's "cache"
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total_rss - sum of all children's "rss"
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total_mapped_file - sum of all children's "cache"
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total_pgpgin - sum of all children's "pgpgin"
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total_pgpgout - sum of all children's "pgpgout"
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total_swap - sum of all children's "swap"
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total_inactive_anon - sum of all children's "inactive_anon"
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total_active_anon - sum of all children's "active_anon"
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total_inactive_file - sum of all children's "inactive_file"
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total_active_file - sum of all children's "active_file"
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total_unevictable - sum of all children's "unevictable"
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# The following additional stats are dependent on CONFIG_DEBUG_VM.
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recent_rotated_anon - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
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recent_rotated_file - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
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recent_scanned_anon - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
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recent_scanned_file - VM internal parameter. (see mm/vmscan.c)
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Memo:
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recent_rotated means recent frequency of LRU rotation.
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recent_scanned means recent # of scans to LRU.
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showing for better debug please see the code for meanings.
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Note:
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Only anonymous and swap cache memory is listed as part of 'rss' stat.
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This should not be confused with the true 'resident set size' or the
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amount of physical memory used by the cgroup.
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'rss + file_mapped" will give you resident set size of cgroup.
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(Note: file and shmem may be shared among other cgroups. In that case,
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file_mapped is accounted only when the memory cgroup is owner of page
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cache.)
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5.3 swappiness
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Similar to /proc/sys/vm/swappiness, but affecting a hierarchy of groups only.
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|
Following cgroups' swappiness can't be changed.
|
|
- root cgroup (uses /proc/sys/vm/swappiness).
|
|
- a cgroup which uses hierarchy and it has other cgroup(s) below it.
|
|
- a cgroup which uses hierarchy and not the root of hierarchy.
|
|
|
|
5.4 failcnt
|
|
|
|
A memory cgroup provides memory.failcnt and memory.memsw.failcnt files.
|
|
This failcnt(== failure count) shows the number of times that a usage counter
|
|
hit its limit. When a memory cgroup hits a limit, failcnt increases and
|
|
memory under it will be reclaimed.
|
|
|
|
You can reset failcnt by writing 0 to failcnt file.
|
|
# echo 0 > .../memory.failcnt
|
|
|
|
5.5 usage_in_bytes
|
|
|
|
For efficiency, as other kernel components, memory cgroup uses some optimization
|
|
to avoid unnecessary cacheline false sharing. usage_in_bytes is affected by the
|
|
method and doesn't show 'exact' value of memory(and swap) usage, it's an fuzz
|
|
value for efficient access. (Of course, when necessary, it's synchronized.)
|
|
If you want to know more exact memory usage, you should use RSS+CACHE(+SWAP)
|
|
value in memory.stat(see 5.2).
|
|
|
|
5.6 numa_stat
|
|
|
|
This is similar to numa_maps but operates on a per-memcg basis. This is
|
|
useful for providing visibility into the numa locality information within
|
|
an memcg since the pages are allowed to be allocated from any physical
|
|
node. One of the usecases is evaluating application performance by
|
|
combining this information with the application's cpu allocation.
|
|
|
|
We export "total", "file", "anon" and "unevictable" pages per-node for
|
|
each memcg. The ouput format of memory.numa_stat is:
|
|
|
|
total=<total pages> N0=<node 0 pages> N1=<node 1 pages> ...
|
|
file=<total file pages> N0=<node 0 pages> N1=<node 1 pages> ...
|
|
anon=<total anon pages> N0=<node 0 pages> N1=<node 1 pages> ...
|
|
unevictable=<total anon pages> N0=<node 0 pages> N1=<node 1 pages> ...
|
|
|
|
And we have total = file + anon + unevictable.
|
|
|
|
6. Hierarchy support
|
|
|
|
The memory controller supports a deep hierarchy and hierarchical accounting.
|
|
The hierarchy is created by creating the appropriate cgroups in the
|
|
cgroup filesystem. Consider for example, the following cgroup filesystem
|
|
hierarchy
|
|
|
|
root
|
|
/ | \
|
|
/ | \
|
|
a b c
|
|
| \
|
|
| \
|
|
d e
|
|
|
|
In the diagram above, with hierarchical accounting enabled, all memory
|
|
usage of e, is accounted to its ancestors up until the root (i.e, c and root),
|
|
that has memory.use_hierarchy enabled. If one of the ancestors goes over its
|
|
limit, the reclaim algorithm reclaims from the tasks in the ancestor and the
|
|
children of the ancestor.
|
|
|
|
6.1 Enabling hierarchical accounting and reclaim
|
|
|
|
A memory cgroup by default disables the hierarchy feature. Support
|
|
can be enabled by writing 1 to memory.use_hierarchy file of the root cgroup
|
|
|
|
# echo 1 > memory.use_hierarchy
|
|
|
|
The feature can be disabled by
|
|
|
|
# echo 0 > memory.use_hierarchy
|
|
|
|
NOTE1: Enabling/disabling will fail if either the cgroup already has other
|
|
cgroups created below it, or if the parent cgroup has use_hierarchy
|
|
enabled.
|
|
|
|
NOTE2: When panic_on_oom is set to "2", the whole system will panic in
|
|
case of an OOM event in any cgroup.
|
|
|
|
7. Soft limits
|
|
|
|
Soft limits allow for greater sharing of memory. The idea behind soft limits
|
|
is to allow control groups to use as much of the memory as needed, provided
|
|
|
|
a. There is no memory contention
|
|
b. They do not exceed their hard limit
|
|
|
|
When the system detects memory contention or low memory, control groups
|
|
are pushed back to their soft limits. If the soft limit of each control
|
|
group is very high, they are pushed back as much as possible to make
|
|
sure that one control group does not starve the others of memory.
|
|
|
|
Please note that soft limits is a best effort feature, it comes with
|
|
no guarantees, but it does its best to make sure that when memory is
|
|
heavily contended for, memory is allocated based on the soft limit
|
|
hints/setup. Currently soft limit based reclaim is setup such that
|
|
it gets invoked from balance_pgdat (kswapd).
|
|
|
|
7.1 Interface
|
|
|
|
Soft limits can be setup by using the following commands (in this example we
|
|
assume a soft limit of 256 MiB)
|
|
|
|
# echo 256M > memory.soft_limit_in_bytes
|
|
|
|
If we want to change this to 1G, we can at any time use
|
|
|
|
# echo 1G > memory.soft_limit_in_bytes
|
|
|
|
NOTE1: Soft limits take effect over a long period of time, since they involve
|
|
reclaiming memory for balancing between memory cgroups
|
|
NOTE2: It is recommended to set the soft limit always below the hard limit,
|
|
otherwise the hard limit will take precedence.
|
|
|
|
8. Move charges at task migration
|
|
|
|
Users can move charges associated with a task along with task migration, that
|
|
is, uncharge task's pages from the old cgroup and charge them to the new cgroup.
|
|
This feature is not supported in !CONFIG_MMU environments because of lack of
|
|
page tables.
|
|
|
|
8.1 Interface
|
|
|
|
This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled(and disabled again) by
|
|
writing to memory.move_charge_at_immigrate of the destination cgroup.
|
|
|
|
If you want to enable it:
|
|
|
|
# echo (some positive value) > memory.move_charge_at_immigrate
|
|
|
|
Note: Each bits of move_charge_at_immigrate has its own meaning about what type
|
|
of charges should be moved. See 8.2 for details.
|
|
Note: Charges are moved only when you move mm->owner, IOW, a leader of a thread
|
|
group.
|
|
Note: If we cannot find enough space for the task in the destination cgroup, we
|
|
try to make space by reclaiming memory. Task migration may fail if we
|
|
cannot make enough space.
|
|
Note: It can take several seconds if you move charges much.
|
|
|
|
And if you want disable it again:
|
|
|
|
# echo 0 > memory.move_charge_at_immigrate
|
|
|
|
8.2 Type of charges which can be move
|
|
|
|
Each bits of move_charge_at_immigrate has its own meaning about what type of
|
|
charges should be moved. But in any cases, it must be noted that an account of
|
|
a page or a swap can be moved only when it is charged to the task's current(old)
|
|
memory cgroup.
|
|
|
|
bit | what type of charges would be moved ?
|
|
-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
0 | A charge of an anonymous page(or swap of it) used by the target task.
|
|
| Those pages and swaps must be used only by the target task. You must
|
|
| enable Swap Extension(see 2.4) to enable move of swap charges.
|
|
-----+------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
1 | A charge of file pages(normal file, tmpfs file(e.g. ipc shared memory)
|
|
| and swaps of tmpfs file) mmapped by the target task. Unlike the case of
|
|
| anonymous pages, file pages(and swaps) in the range mmapped by the task
|
|
| will be moved even if the task hasn't done page fault, i.e. they might
|
|
| not be the task's "RSS", but other task's "RSS" that maps the same file.
|
|
| And mapcount of the page is ignored(the page can be moved even if
|
|
| page_mapcount(page) > 1). You must enable Swap Extension(see 2.4) to
|
|
| enable move of swap charges.
|
|
|
|
8.3 TODO
|
|
|
|
- Implement madvise(2) to let users decide the vma to be moved or not to be
|
|
moved.
|
|
- All of moving charge operations are done under cgroup_mutex. It's not good
|
|
behavior to hold the mutex too long, so we may need some trick.
|
|
|
|
9. Memory thresholds
|
|
|
|
Memory cgroup implements memory thresholds using cgroups notification
|
|
API (see cgroups.txt). It allows to register multiple memory and memsw
|
|
thresholds and gets notifications when it crosses.
|
|
|
|
To register a threshold application need:
|
|
- create an eventfd using eventfd(2);
|
|
- open memory.usage_in_bytes or memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes;
|
|
- write string like "<event_fd> <fd of memory.usage_in_bytes> <threshold>" to
|
|
cgroup.event_control.
|
|
|
|
Application will be notified through eventfd when memory usage crosses
|
|
threshold in any direction.
|
|
|
|
It's applicable for root and non-root cgroup.
|
|
|
|
10. OOM Control
|
|
|
|
memory.oom_control file is for OOM notification and other controls.
|
|
|
|
Memory cgroup implements OOM notifier using cgroup notification
|
|
API (See cgroups.txt). It allows to register multiple OOM notification
|
|
delivery and gets notification when OOM happens.
|
|
|
|
To register a notifier, application need:
|
|
- create an eventfd using eventfd(2)
|
|
- open memory.oom_control file
|
|
- write string like "<event_fd> <fd of memory.oom_control>" to
|
|
cgroup.event_control
|
|
|
|
Application will be notified through eventfd when OOM happens.
|
|
OOM notification doesn't work for root cgroup.
|
|
|
|
You can disable OOM-killer by writing "1" to memory.oom_control file, as:
|
|
|
|
#echo 1 > memory.oom_control
|
|
|
|
This operation is only allowed to the top cgroup of sub-hierarchy.
|
|
If OOM-killer is disabled, tasks under cgroup will hang/sleep
|
|
in memory cgroup's OOM-waitqueue when they request accountable memory.
|
|
|
|
For running them, you have to relax the memory cgroup's OOM status by
|
|
* enlarge limit or reduce usage.
|
|
To reduce usage,
|
|
* kill some tasks.
|
|
* move some tasks to other group with account migration.
|
|
* remove some files (on tmpfs?)
|
|
|
|
Then, stopped tasks will work again.
|
|
|
|
At reading, current status of OOM is shown.
|
|
oom_kill_disable 0 or 1 (if 1, oom-killer is disabled)
|
|
under_oom 0 or 1 (if 1, the memory cgroup is under OOM, tasks may
|
|
be stopped.)
|
|
|
|
11. TODO
|
|
|
|
1. Add support for accounting huge pages (as a separate controller)
|
|
2. Make per-cgroup scanner reclaim not-shared pages first
|
|
3. Teach controller to account for shared-pages
|
|
4. Start reclamation in the background when the limit is
|
|
not yet hit but the usage is getting closer
|
|
|
|
Summary
|
|
|
|
Overall, the memory controller has been a stable controller and has been
|
|
commented and discussed quite extensively in the community.
|
|
|
|
References
|
|
|
|
1. Singh, Balbir. RFC: Memory Controller, http://lwn.net/Articles/206697/
|
|
2. Singh, Balbir. Memory Controller (RSS Control),
|
|
http://lwn.net/Articles/222762/
|
|
3. Emelianov, Pavel. Resource controllers based on process cgroups
|
|
http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/3/6/198
|
|
4. Emelianov, Pavel. RSS controller based on process cgroups (v2)
|
|
http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/4/9/78
|
|
5. Emelianov, Pavel. RSS controller based on process cgroups (v3)
|
|
http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/5/30/244
|
|
6. Menage, Paul. Control Groups v10, http://lwn.net/Articles/236032/
|
|
7. Vaidyanathan, Srinivasan, Control Groups: Pagecache accounting and control
|
|
subsystem (v3), http://lwn.net/Articles/235534/
|
|
8. Singh, Balbir. RSS controller v2 test results (lmbench),
|
|
http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/5/17/232
|
|
9. Singh, Balbir. RSS controller v2 AIM9 results
|
|
http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/5/18/1
|
|
10. Singh, Balbir. Memory controller v6 test results,
|
|
http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/8/19/36
|
|
11. Singh, Balbir. Memory controller introduction (v6),
|
|
http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/8/17/69
|
|
12. Corbet, Jonathan, Controlling memory use in cgroups,
|
|
http://lwn.net/Articles/243795/
|