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Pointer for Markus's image conversion work. 

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Merge tag 'doc-4.11-images' of git://git.lwn.net/linux into drm-misc-next

Pointer for Markus's image conversion work.

We need this so we can merge all the pretty drm graphs for 4.12.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@intel.com>
zero-colors
Daniel Vetter 2017-03-14 15:07:33 +01:00
parent f42e181935 db6ccf23e8
commit b70366e5d3
11077 changed files with 462099 additions and 199900 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

5
CREDITS
View File

@ -2478,12 +2478,11 @@ S: D-90453 Nuernberg
S: Germany
N: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo
E: acme@ghostprotocols.net
E: acme@kernel.org
E: arnaldo.melo@gmail.com
E: acme@redhat.com
W: http://oops.ghostprotocols.net:81/blog/
P: 1024D/9224DF01 D5DF E3BB E3C8 BCBB F8AD 841A B6AB 4681 9224 DF01
D: IPX, LLC, DCCP, cyc2x, wl3501_cs, net/ hacks
D: tools/, IPX, LLC, DCCP, cyc2x, wl3501_cs, net/ hacks
S: Brazil
N: Karsten Merker

4
Documentation/00-INDEX
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@ -270,8 +270,8 @@ m68k/
- directory with info about Linux on Motorola 68k architecture.
mailbox.txt
- How to write drivers for the common mailbox framework (IPC).
md-cluster.txt
- info on shared-device RAID MD cluster.
md/
- directory with info about Linux Software RAID
media/
- info on media drivers: uAPI, kAPI and driver documentation.
memory-barriers.txt

119
Documentation/ABI/obsolete/sysfs-block-zram
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@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/num_reads
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The num_reads file is read-only and specifies the number of
reads (failed or successful) done on this device.
Now accessible via zram<id>/stat node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/num_writes
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The num_writes file is read-only and specifies the number of
writes (failed or successful) done on this device.
Now accessible via zram<id>/stat node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/invalid_io
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The invalid_io file is read-only and specifies the number of
non-page-size-aligned I/O requests issued to this device.
Now accessible via zram<id>/io_stat node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/failed_reads
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The failed_reads file is read-only and specifies the number of
failed reads happened on this device.
Now accessible via zram<id>/io_stat node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/failed_writes
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The failed_writes file is read-only and specifies the number of
failed writes happened on this device.
Now accessible via zram<id>/io_stat node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/notify_free
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The notify_free file is read-only. Depending on device usage
scenario it may account a) the number of pages freed because
of swap slot free notifications or b) the number of pages freed
because of REQ_DISCARD requests sent by bio. The former ones
are sent to a swap block device when a swap slot is freed, which
implies that this disk is being used as a swap disk. The latter
ones are sent by filesystem mounted with discard option,
whenever some data blocks are getting discarded.
Now accessible via zram<id>/io_stat node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/zero_pages
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The zero_pages file is read-only and specifies number of zero
filled pages written to this disk. No memory is allocated for
such pages.
Now accessible via zram<id>/mm_stat node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/orig_data_size
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The orig_data_size file is read-only and specifies uncompressed
size of data stored in this disk. This excludes zero-filled
pages (zero_pages) since no memory is allocated for them.
Unit: bytes
Now accessible via zram<id>/mm_stat node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/compr_data_size
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The compr_data_size file is read-only and specifies compressed
size of data stored in this disk. So, compression ratio can be
calculated using orig_data_size and this statistic.
Unit: bytes
Now accessible via zram<id>/mm_stat node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/mem_used_total
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The mem_used_total file is read-only and specifies the amount
of memory, including allocator fragmentation and metadata
overhead, allocated for this disk. So, allocator space
efficiency can be calculated using compr_data_size and this
statistic.
Unit: bytes
Now accessible via zram<id>/mm_stat node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/mem_used_max
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The mem_used_max file is read/write and specifies the amount
of maximum memory zram have consumed to store compressed data.
For resetting the value, you should write "0". Otherwise,
you could see -EINVAL.
Unit: bytes
Downgraded to write-only node: so it's possible to set new
value only; its current value is stored in zram<id>/mm_stat
node.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/mem_limit
Date: August 2015
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The mem_limit file is read/write and specifies the maximum
amount of memory ZRAM can use to store the compressed data.
The limit could be changed in run time and "0" means disable
the limit. No limit is the initial state. Unit: bytes
Downgraded to write-only node: so it's possible to set new
value only; its current value is stored in zram<id>/mm_stat
node.

8
Documentation/ABI/testing/configfs-rdma_cm
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@ -20,3 +20,11 @@ Description: RDMA-CM based connections from HCA <hca> at port <port-num>
will be initiated with this RoCE type as default.
The possible RoCE types are either "IB/RoCE v1" or "RoCE v2".
This parameter has RW access.
What: /config/rdma_cm/<hca>/ports/<port-num>/default_roce_tos
Date: February 7, 2017
KernelVersion: 4.11.0
Description: RDMA-CM QPs from HCA <hca> at port <port-num>
will be created with this TOS as default.
This can be overridden by using the rdma_set_option API.
The possible RoCE TOS values are 0-255.

101
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-block-zram
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@ -22,41 +22,6 @@ Description:
device. The reset operation frees all the memory associated
with this device.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/num_reads
Date: August 2010
Contact: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Description:
The num_reads file is read-only and specifies the number of
reads (failed or successful) done on this device.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/num_writes
Date: August 2010
Contact: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Description:
The num_writes file is read-only and specifies the number of
writes (failed or successful) done on this device.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/invalid_io
Date: August 2010
Contact: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Description:
The invalid_io file is read-only and specifies the number of
non-page-size-aligned I/O requests issued to this device.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/failed_reads
Date: February 2014
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The failed_reads file is read-only and specifies the number of
failed reads happened on this device.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/failed_writes
Date: February 2014
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Description:
The failed_writes file is read-only and specifies the number of
failed writes happened on this device.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/max_comp_streams
Date: February 2014
Contact: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
@ -73,74 +38,24 @@ Description:
available and selected compression algorithms, change
compression algorithm selection.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/notify_free
Date: August 2010
Contact: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Description:
The notify_free file is read-only. Depending on device usage
scenario it may account a) the number of pages freed because
of swap slot free notifications or b) the number of pages freed
because of REQ_DISCARD requests sent by bio. The former ones
are sent to a swap block device when a swap slot is freed, which
implies that this disk is being used as a swap disk. The latter
ones are sent by filesystem mounted with discard option,
whenever some data blocks are getting discarded.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/zero_pages
Date: August 2010
Contact: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Description:
The zero_pages file is read-only and specifies number of zero
filled pages written to this disk. No memory is allocated for
such pages.
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/orig_data_size
Date: August 2010
Contact: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Description:
The orig_data_size file is read-only and specifies uncompressed
size of data stored in this disk. This excludes zero-filled
pages (zero_pages) since no memory is allocated for them.
Unit: bytes
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/compr_data_size
Date: August 2010
Contact: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Description:
The compr_data_size file is read-only and specifies compressed
size of data stored in this disk. So, compression ratio can be
calculated using orig_data_size and this statistic.
Unit: bytes
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/mem_used_total
Date: August 2010
Contact: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Description:
The mem_used_total file is read-only and specifies the amount
of memory, including allocator fragmentation and metadata
overhead, allocated for this disk. So, allocator space
efficiency can be calculated using compr_data_size and this
statistic.
Unit: bytes
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/mem_used_max
Date: August 2014
Contact: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Description:
The mem_used_max file is read/write and specifies the amount
of maximum memory zram have consumed to store compressed data.
For resetting the value, you should write "0". Otherwise,
you could see -EINVAL.
The mem_used_max file is write-only and is used to reset
the counter of maximum memory zram have consumed to store
compressed data. For resetting the value, you should write
"0". Otherwise, you could see -EINVAL.
Unit: bytes
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/mem_limit
Date: August 2014
Contact: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Description:
The mem_limit file is read/write and specifies the maximum
amount of memory ZRAM can use to store the compressed data. The
limit could be changed in run time and "0" means disable the
limit. No limit is the initial state. Unit: bytes
The mem_limit file is write-only and specifies the maximum
amount of memory ZRAM can use to store the compressed data.
The limit could be changed in run time and "0" means disable
the limit. No limit is the initial state. Unit: bytes
What: /sys/block/zram<id>/compact
Date: August 2015

7
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-i2c-devices-bq32k 100644
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@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
What: /sys/bus/i2c/devices/.../trickle_charge_bypass
Date: Jan 2017
KernelVersion: 4.11
Contact: Enric Balletbo i Serra <eballetbo@gmail.com>
Description: Attribute for enable/disable the trickle charge bypass
The trickle_charge_bypass attribute allows the userspace to
enable/disable the Trickle charge FET bypass.

15
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-iio
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@ -170,6 +170,16 @@ Description:
Has all of the equivalent parameters as per voltageY. Units
after application of scale and offset are m/s^2.
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/in_gravity_x_raw
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/in_gravity_y_raw
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/in_gravity_z_raw
KernelVersion: 4.11
Contact: linux-iio@vger.kernel.org
Description:
Gravity in direction x, y or z (may be arbitrarily assigned
but should match other such assignments on device).
Units after application of scale and offset are m/s^2.
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/in_anglvel_x_raw
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/in_anglvel_y_raw
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/in_anglvel_z_raw
@ -805,7 +815,7 @@ Description:
attribute. E.g. if in_voltage0_raw_thresh_rising_value is set to 1200
and in_voltage0_raw_thresh_rising_hysteresis is set to 50. The event
will get activated once in_voltage0_raw goes above 1200 and will become
deactived again once the value falls below 1150.
deactivated again once the value falls below 1150.
What: /sys/.../events/in_accel_x_raw_roc_rising_value
What: /sys/.../events/in_accel_x_raw_roc_falling_value
@ -1245,7 +1255,8 @@ Description:
reflectivity of infrared or ultrasound emitted.
Often these sensors are unit less and as such conversion
to SI units is not possible. Higher proximity measurements
indicate closer objects, and vice versa.
indicate closer objects, and vice versa. Units after
application of scale and offset are meters.
What: /sys/.../iio:deviceX/in_illuminance_input
What: /sys/.../iio:deviceX/in_illuminance_raw

18
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-iio-adc-stm32 100644
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@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/triggerX/trigger_polarity
KernelVersion: 4.11
Contact: fabrice.gasnier@st.com
Description:
The STM32 ADC can be configured to use external trigger sources
(e.g. timers, pwm or exti gpio). Then, it can be tuned to start
conversions on external trigger by either:
- "rising-edge"
- "falling-edge"
- "both-edges".
Reading returns current trigger polarity.
Writing value before enabling conversions sets trigger polarity.
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/triggerX/trigger_polarity_available
KernelVersion: 4.11
Contact: fabrice.gasnier@st.com
Description:
List all available trigger_polarity settings.

22
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-iio-distance-srf08 100644
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@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
What /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/sensor_sensitivity
Date: January 2017
KernelVersion: 4.11
Contact: linux-iio@vger.kernel.org
Description:
Show or set the gain boost of the amp, from 0-31 range.
default 31
What /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/sensor_max_range
Date: January 2017
KernelVersion: 4.11
Contact: linux-iio@vger.kernel.org
Description:
Show or set the maximum range between the sensor and the
first object echoed in meters. Default value is 6.020.
This setting limits the time the driver is waiting for a
echo.
Showing the range of available values is represented as the
minimum value, the step and the maximum value, all enclosed
in square brackets.
Example:
[0.043 0.043 11.008]

29
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-iio-timer-stm32 100644
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@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/triggerX/master_mode_available
KernelVersion: 4.11
Contact: benjamin.gaignard@st.com
Description:
Reading returns the list possible master modes which are:
- "reset" : The UG bit from the TIMx_EGR register is used as trigger output (TRGO).
- "enable" : The Counter Enable signal CNT_EN is used as trigger output.
- "update" : The update event is selected as trigger output.
For instance a master timer can then be used as a prescaler for a slave timer.
- "compare_pulse" : The trigger output send a positive pulse when the CC1IF flag is to be set.
- "OC1REF" : OC1REF signal is used as trigger output.
- "OC2REF" : OC2REF signal is used as trigger output.
- "OC3REF" : OC3REF signal is used as trigger output.
- "OC4REF" : OC4REF signal is used as trigger output.
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/triggerX/master_mode
KernelVersion: 4.11
Contact: benjamin.gaignard@st.com
Description:
Reading returns the current master modes.
Writing set the master mode
What: /sys/bus/iio/devices/triggerX/sampling_frequency
KernelVersion: 4.11
Contact: benjamin.gaignard@st.com
Description:
Reading returns the current sampling frequency.
Writing an value different of 0 set and start sampling.
Writing 0 stop sampling.

2
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci
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@ -299,5 +299,5 @@ What: /sys/bus/pci/devices/.../revision
Date: November 2016
Contact: Emil Velikov <emil.l.velikov@gmail.com>
Description:
This file contains the revision field of the the PCI device.
This file contains the revision field of the PCI device.
The value comes from device config space. The file is read only.

25
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-devfreq-event 100644
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@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
What: /sys/class/devfreq-event/event(x)/
Date: January 2017
Contact: Chanwoo Choi <cw00.choi@samsung.com>
Description:
Provide a place in sysfs for the devfreq-event objects.
This allows accessing various devfreq-event specific variables.
The name of devfreq-event object denoted as 'event(x)' which
includes the unique number of 'x' for each devfreq-event object.
What: /sys/class/devfreq-event/event(x)/name
Date: January 2017
Contact: Chanwoo Choi <cw00.choi@samsung.com>
Description:
The /sys/class/devfreq-event/event(x)/name attribute contains
the name of the devfreq-event object. This attribute is
read-only.
What: /sys/class/devfreq-event/event(x)/enable_count
Date: January 2017
Contact: Chanwoo Choi <cw00.choi@samsung.com>
Description:
The /sys/class/devfreq-event/event(x)/enable_count attribute
contains the reference count to enable the devfreq-event
object. If the device is enabled, the value of attribute is
greater than zero.

17
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-led
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@ -23,6 +23,23 @@ Description:
If the LED does not support different brightness levels, this
should be 1.
What: /sys/class/leds/<led>/brightness_hw_changed
Date: January 2017
KernelVersion: 4.11
Description:
Last hardware set brightness level for this LED. Some LEDs
may be changed autonomously by hardware/firmware. Only LEDs
where this happens and the driver can detect this, will have
this file.
This file supports poll() to detect when the hardware changes
the brightness.
Reading this file will return the last brightness level set
by the hardware, this may be different from the current
brightness. Reading this file when no hw brightness change
event has happened will return an ENODATA error.
What: /sys/class/leds/<led>/trigger
Date: March 2006
KernelVersion: 2.6.17

14
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-class-rc
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@ -62,18 +62,18 @@ Description:
This value may be reset to 0 if the current protocol is altered.
What: /sys/class/rc/rcN/wakeup_protocols
Date: Feb 2014
KernelVersion: 3.15
Date: Feb 2017
KernelVersion: 4.11
Contact: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <m.chehab@samsung.com>
Description:
Reading this file returns a list of available protocols to use
for the wakeup filter, something like:
"rc5 rc6 nec jvc [sony]"
"rc-5 nec nec-x rc-6-0 rc-6-6a-24 [rc-6-6a-32] rc-6-mce"
Note that protocol variants are listed, so "nec", "sony",
"rc-5", "rc-6" have their different bit length encodings
listed if available.
The enabled wakeup protocol is shown in [] brackets.
Writing "+proto" will add a protocol to the list of enabled
wakeup protocols.
Writing "-proto" will remove a protocol from the list of enabled
wakeup protocols.
Only one protocol can be selected at a time.
Writing "proto" will use "proto" for wakeup events.
Writing "none" will disable wakeup.
Write fails with EINVAL if an invalid protocol combination or

17
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-devices-edac
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@ -138,3 +138,20 @@ Contact: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <m.chehab@samsung.com>
Description: This attribute file will display what type of memory is
currently on this csrow. Normally, either buffered or
unbuffered memory (for example, Unbuffered-DDR3).
What: /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc*/(dimm|rank)*/dimm_ce_count
Date: October 2016
Contact: linux-edac@vger.kernel.org
Description: This attribute file displays the total count of correctable
errors that have occurred on this DIMM. This count is very important
to examine. CEs provide early indications that a DIMM is beginning
to fail. This count field should be monitored for non-zero values
and report such information to the system administrator.
What: /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc*/(dimm|rank)*/dimm_ue_count
Date: October 2016
Contact: linux-edac@vger.kernel.org
Description: This attribute file displays the total count of uncorrectable
errors that have occurred on this DIMM. If panic_on_ue is set, this
counter will not have a chance to increment, since EDAC will panic the
system

12
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-kernel-iommu_groups
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@ -12,3 +12,15 @@ Description: /sys/kernel/iommu_groups/ contains a number of sub-
file if the IOMMU driver has chosen to register a more
common name for the group.
Users:
What: /sys/kernel/iommu_groups/reserved_regions
Date: January 2017
KernelVersion: v4.11
Contact: Eric Auger <eric.auger@redhat.com>
Description: /sys/kernel/iommu_groups/reserved_regions list IOVA
regions that are reserved. Not necessarily all
reserved regions are listed. This is typically used to
output direct-mapped, MSI, non mappable regions. Each
region is described on a single line: the 1st field is
the base IOVA, the second is the end IOVA and the third
field describes the type of the region.

2
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-platform-hidma
View File

@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-*/chid
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8061:*/chid
Date: Dec 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Contains the ID of the channel within the HIDMA instance.
It is used to associate a given HIDMA channel with the

20
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-platform-hidma-mgmt
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-mgmt*/chanops/chan*/priority
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8060:*/chanops/chan*/priority
Date: Nov 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Contains either 0 or 1 and indicates if the DMA channel is a
low priority (0) or high priority (1) channel.
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-mgmt*/chanops/chan*/weight
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8060:*/chanops/chan*/weight
Date: Nov 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Contains 0..15 and indicates the weight of the channel among
equal priority channels during round robin scheduling.
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-mgmt*/chreset_timeout_cycles
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8060:*/chreset_timeout_cycles
Date: Nov 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Contains the platform specific cycle value to wait after a
reset command is issued. If the value is chosen too short,
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-mgmt*/dma_channels
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8060:*/dma_channels
Date: Nov 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Contains the number of dma channels supported by one instance
of HIDMA hardware. The value may change from chip to chip.
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-mgmt*/hw_version_major
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8060:*/hw_version_major
Date: Nov 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Version number major for the hardware.
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-mgmt*/hw_version_minor
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8060:*/hw_version_minor
Date: Nov 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Version number minor for the hardware.
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-mgmt*/max_rd_xactions
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8060:*/max_rd_xactions
Date: Nov 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Contains a value between 0 and 31. Maximum number of
read transactions that can be issued back to back.
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-mgmt*/max_read_request
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8060:*/max_read_request
Date: Nov 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Size of each read request. The value needs to be a power
of two and can be between 128 and 1024.
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-mgmt*/max_wr_xactions
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8060:*/max_wr_xactions
Date: Nov 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Contains a value between 0 and 31. Maximum number of
write transactions that can be issued back to back.
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ What: /sys/devices/platform/hidma-mgmt*/max_write_request
/sys/devices/platform/QCOM8060:*/max_write_request
Date: Nov 2015
KernelVersion: 4.4
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@cudeaurora.org>"
Contact: "Sinan Kaya <okaya@codeaurora.org>"
Description:
Size of each write request. The value needs to be a power
of two and can be between 128 and 1024.

2
Documentation/DMA-ISA-LPC.txt
View File

@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ requirements you pass the flag GFP_DMA to kmalloc.
Unfortunately the memory available for ISA DMA is scarce so unless you
allocate the memory during boot-up it's a good idea to also pass
__GFP_REPEAT and __GFP_NOWARN to make the allocater try a bit harder.
__GFP_REPEAT and __GFP_NOWARN to make the allocator try a bit harder.
(This scarcity also means that you should allocate the buffer as
early as possible and not release it until the driver is unloaded.)

10
Documentation/DMA-attributes.txt
View File

@ -143,3 +143,13 @@ So, this provides a way for drivers to avoid those error messages on calls
where allocation failures are not a problem, and shouldn't bother the logs.
NOTE: At the moment DMA_ATTR_NO_WARN is only implemented on PowerPC.
DMA_ATTR_PRIVILEGED
------------------------------
Some advanced peripherals such as remote processors and GPUs perform
accesses to DMA buffers in both privileged "supervisor" and unprivileged
"user" modes. This attribute is used to indicate to the DMA-mapping
subsystem that the buffer is fully accessible at the elevated privilege
level (and ideally inaccessible or at least read-only at the
lesser-privileged levels).

11
Documentation/DocBook/Makefile
View File

@ -7,13 +7,13 @@
# list of DOCBOOKS.
DOCBOOKS := z8530book.xml \
kernel-hacking.xml kernel-locking.xml deviceiobook.xml \
kernel-hacking.xml kernel-locking.xml \
writing_usb_driver.xml networking.xml \
kernel-api.xml filesystems.xml lsm.xml kgdb.xml \
gadget.xml libata.xml mtdnand.xml librs.xml rapidio.xml \
genericirq.xml s390-drivers.xml uio-howto.xml scsi.xml \
sh.xml regulator.xml w1.xml \
writing_musb_glue_layer.xml iio.xml
genericirq.xml s390-drivers.xml scsi.xml \
sh.xml w1.xml \
writing_musb_glue_layer.xml
ifeq ($(DOCBOOKS),)
@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ installmandocs: mandocs
# no-op for the DocBook toolchain
epubdocs:
latexdocs:
linkcheckdocs:
###
#External programs used
@ -272,6 +273,6 @@ cleandocs:
$(Q)rm -rf $(call objectify, $(clean-dirs))
# Declare the contents of the .PHONY variable as phony. We keep that
# information in a variable se we can use it in if_changed and friends.
# information in a variable so we can use it in if_changed and friends.
.PHONY: $(PHONY)

323
Documentation/DocBook/deviceiobook.tmpl
View File

@ -1,323 +0,0 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
<book id="DoingIO">
<bookinfo>
<title>Bus-Independent Device Accesses</title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Matthew</firstname>
<surname>Wilcox</surname>
<affiliation>
<address>
<email>matthew@wil.cx</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Alan</firstname>
<surname>Cox</surname>
<affiliation>
<address>
<email>alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<copyright>
<year>2001</year>
<holder>Matthew Wilcox</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
<para>
This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
version.
</para>
<para>
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the GNU General Public License for more details.
</para>
<para>
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
MA 02111-1307 USA
</para>
<para>
For more details see the file COPYING in the source
distribution of Linux.
</para>
</legalnotice>
</bookinfo>
<toc></toc>
<chapter id="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<para>
Linux provides an API which abstracts performing IO across all busses
and devices, allowing device drivers to be written independently of
bus type.
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter id="bugs">
<title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
<para>
None.
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter id="mmio">
<title>Memory Mapped IO</title>
<sect1 id="getting_access_to_the_device">
<title>Getting Access to the Device</title>
<para>
The most widely supported form of IO is memory mapped IO.
That is, a part of the CPU's address space is interpreted
not as accesses to memory, but as accesses to a device. Some
architectures define devices to be at a fixed address, but most
have some method of discovering devices. The PCI bus walk is a
good example of such a scheme. This document does not cover how
to receive such an address, but assumes you are starting with one.
Physical addresses are of type unsigned long.
</para>
<para>
This address should not be used directly. Instead, to get an
address suitable for passing to the accessor functions described
below, you should call <function>ioremap</function>.
An address suitable for accessing the device will be returned to you.
</para>
<para>
After you've finished using the device (say, in your module's
exit routine), call <function>iounmap</function> in order to return
the address space to the kernel. Most architectures allocate new
address space each time you call <function>ioremap</function>, and
they can run out unless you call <function>iounmap</function>.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="accessing_the_device">
<title>Accessing the device</title>
<para>
The part of the interface most used by drivers is reading and
writing memory-mapped registers on the device. Linux provides
interfaces to read and write 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit
quantities. Due to a historical accident, these are named byte,
word, long and quad accesses. Both read and write accesses are
supported; there is no prefetch support at this time.
</para>
<para>
The functions are named <function>readb</function>,
<function>readw</function>, <function>readl</function>,
<function>readq</function>, <function>readb_relaxed</function>,
<function>readw_relaxed</function>, <function>readl_relaxed</function>,
<function>readq_relaxed</function>, <function>writeb</function>,
<function>writew</function>, <function>writel</function> and
<function>writeq</function>.
</para>
<para>
Some devices (such as framebuffers) would like to use larger
transfers than 8 bytes at a time. For these devices, the
<function>memcpy_toio</function>, <function>memcpy_fromio</function>
and <function>memset_io</function> functions are provided.
Do not use memset or memcpy on IO addresses; they
are not guaranteed to copy data in order.
</para>
<para>
The read and write functions are defined to be ordered. That is the
compiler is not permitted to reorder the I/O sequence. When the
ordering can be compiler optimised, you can use <function>
__readb</function> and friends to indicate the relaxed ordering. Use
this with care.
</para>
<para>
While the basic functions are defined to be synchronous with respect
to each other and ordered with respect to each other the busses the
devices sit on may themselves have asynchronicity. In particular many
authors are burned by the fact that PCI bus writes are posted
asynchronously. A driver author must issue a read from the same
device to ensure that writes have occurred in the specific cases the
author cares. This kind of property cannot be hidden from driver
writers in the API. In some cases, the read used to flush the device
may be expected to fail (if the card is resetting, for example). In
that case, the read should be done from config space, which is
guaranteed to soft-fail if the card doesn't respond.
</para>
<para>
The following is an example of flushing a write to a device when
the driver would like to ensure the write's effects are visible prior
to continuing execution.
</para>
<programlisting>
static inline void
qla1280_disable_intrs(struct scsi_qla_host *ha)
{
struct device_reg *reg;
reg = ha->iobase;
/* disable risc and host interrupts */
WRT_REG_WORD(&amp;reg->ictrl, 0);
/*
* The following read will ensure that the above write
* has been received by the device before we return from this
* function.
*/
RD_REG_WORD(&amp;reg->ictrl);
ha->flags.ints_enabled = 0;
}
</programlisting>
<para>
In addition to write posting, on some large multiprocessing systems
(e.g. SGI Challenge, Origin and Altix machines) posted writes won't
be strongly ordered coming from different CPUs. Thus it's important
to properly protect parts of your driver that do memory-mapped writes
with locks and use the <function>mmiowb</function> to make sure they
arrive in the order intended. Issuing a regular <function>readX
</function> will also ensure write ordering, but should only be used
when the driver has to be sure that the write has actually arrived
at the device (not that it's simply ordered with respect to other
writes), since a full <function>readX</function> is a relatively
expensive operation.
</para>
<para>
Generally, one should use <function>mmiowb</function> prior to
releasing a spinlock that protects regions using <function>writeb
</function> or similar functions that aren't surrounded by <function>
readb</function> calls, which will ensure ordering and flushing. The
following pseudocode illustrates what might occur if write ordering
isn't guaranteed via <function>mmiowb</function> or one of the
<function>readX</function> functions.
</para>
<programlisting>
CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
CPU A: ...
CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr);
CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
...
CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
CPU B: ...
CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
</programlisting>
<para>
In the case above, newval2 could be written to ring_ptr before
newval. Fixing it is easy though:
</para>
<programlisting>
CPU A: spin_lock_irqsave(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
CPU A: ...
CPU A: writel(newval, ring_ptr);
CPU A: mmiowb(); /* ensure no other writes beat us to the device */
CPU A: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
...
CPU B: spin_lock_irqsave(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
CPU B: writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
CPU B: ...
CPU B: mmiowb();
CPU B: spin_unlock_irqrestore(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
</programlisting>
<para>
See tg3.c for a real world example of how to use <function>mmiowb
</function>
</para>
<para>
PCI ordering rules also guarantee that PIO read responses arrive
after any outstanding DMA writes from that bus, since for some devices
the result of a <function>readb</function> call may signal to the
driver that a DMA transaction is complete. In many cases, however,
the driver may want to indicate that the next
<function>readb</function> call has no relation to any previous DMA
writes performed by the device. The driver can use
<function>readb_relaxed</function> for these cases, although only
some platforms will honor the relaxed semantics. Using the relaxed
read functions will provide significant performance benefits on
platforms that support it. The qla2xxx driver provides examples
of how to use <function>readX_relaxed</function>. In many cases,
a majority of the driver's <function>readX</function> calls can
safely be converted to <function>readX_relaxed</function> calls, since
only a few will indicate or depend on DMA completion.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="port_space_accesses">
<title>Port Space Accesses</title>
<sect1 id="port_space_explained">
<title>Port Space Explained</title>
<para>
Another form of IO commonly supported is Port Space. This is a
range of addresses separate to the normal memory address space.
Access to these addresses is generally not as fast as accesses
to the memory mapped addresses, and it also has a potentially
smaller address space.
</para>
<para>
Unlike memory mapped IO, no preparation is required
to access port space.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="accessing_port_space">
<title>Accessing Port Space</title>
<para>
Accesses to this space are provided through a set of functions
which allow 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit accesses; also
known as byte, word and long. These functions are
<function>inb</function>, <function>inw</function>,
<function>inl</function>, <function>outb</function>,
<function>outw</function> and <function>outl</function>.
</para>
<para>
Some variants are provided for these functions. Some devices
require that accesses to their ports are slowed down. This
functionality is provided by appending a <function>_p</function>
to the end of the function. There are also equivalents to memcpy.
The <function>ins</function> and <function>outs</function>
functions copy bytes, words or longs to the given port.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="pubfunctions">
<title>Public Functions Provided</title>
!Iarch/x86/include/asm/io.h
!Elib/pci_iomap.c
</chapter>
</book>

697
Documentation/DocBook/iio.tmpl
View File

@ -1,697 +0,0 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
<book id="iioid">
<bookinfo>
<title>Industrial I/O driver developer's guide </title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Daniel</firstname>
<surname>Baluta</surname>
<affiliation>
<address>
<email>daniel.baluta@intel.com</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<copyright>
<year>2015</year>
<holder>Intel Corporation</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
<para>
This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License version 2.
</para>
</legalnotice>
</bookinfo>
<toc></toc>
<chapter id="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<para>
The main purpose of the Industrial I/O subsystem (IIO) is to provide
support for devices that in some sense perform either analog-to-digital
conversion (ADC) or digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) or both. The aim
is to fill the gap between the somewhat similar hwmon and input
subsystems.
Hwmon is directed at low sample rate sensors used to monitor and
control the system itself, like fan speed control or temperature
measurement. Input is, as its name suggests, focused on human interaction
input devices (keyboard, mouse, touchscreen). In some cases there is
considerable overlap between these and IIO.
</para>
<para>
Devices that fall into this category include:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
analog to digital converters (ADCs)
</listitem>
<listitem>
accelerometers
</listitem>
<listitem>
capacitance to digital converters (CDCs)
</listitem>
<listitem>
digital to analog converters (DACs)
</listitem>
<listitem>
gyroscopes
</listitem>
<listitem>
inertial measurement units (IMUs)
</listitem>
<listitem>
color and light sensors
</listitem>
<listitem>
magnetometers
</listitem>
<listitem>
pressure sensors
</listitem>
<listitem>
proximity sensors
</listitem>
<listitem>
temperature sensors
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
Usually these sensors are connected via SPI or I2C. A common use case of the
sensors devices is to have combined functionality (e.g. light plus proximity
sensor).
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter id='iiosubsys'>
<title>Industrial I/O core</title>
<para>
The Industrial I/O core offers:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
a unified framework for writing drivers for many different types of
embedded sensors.
</listitem>
<listitem>
a standard interface to user space applications manipulating sensors.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
The implementation can be found under <filename>
drivers/iio/industrialio-*</filename>
</para>
<sect1 id="iiodevice">
<title> Industrial I/O devices </title>
!Finclude/linux/iio/iio.h iio_dev
!Fdrivers/iio/industrialio-core.c iio_device_alloc
!Fdrivers/iio/industrialio-core.c iio_device_free
!Fdrivers/iio/industrialio-core.c iio_device_register
!Fdrivers/iio/industrialio-core.c iio_device_unregister
<para>
An IIO device usually corresponds to a single hardware sensor and it
provides all the information needed by a driver handling a device.
Let's first have a look at the functionality embedded in an IIO
device then we will show how a device driver makes use of an IIO
device.
</para>
<para>
There are two ways for a user space application to interact
with an IIO driver.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<filename>/sys/bus/iio/iio:deviceX/</filename>, this
represents a hardware sensor and groups together the data
channels of the same chip.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<filename>/dev/iio:deviceX</filename>, character device node
interface used for buffered data transfer and for events information
retrieval.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
A typical IIO driver will register itself as an I2C or SPI driver and will
create two routines, <function> probe </function> and <function> remove
</function>. At <function>probe</function>:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>call <function>iio_device_alloc</function>, which allocates memory
for an IIO device.
</listitem>
<listitem> initialize IIO device fields with driver specific information
(e.g. device name, device channels).
</listitem>
<listitem>call <function> iio_device_register</function>, this registers the
device with the IIO core. After this call the device is ready to accept
requests from user space applications.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
At <function>remove</function>, we free the resources allocated in
<function>probe</function> in reverse order:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><function>iio_device_unregister</function>, unregister the device
from the IIO core.
</listitem>
<listitem><function>iio_device_free</function>, free the memory allocated
for the IIO device.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect2 id="iioattr"> <title> IIO device sysfs interface </title>
<para>
Attributes are sysfs files used to expose chip info and also allowing
applications to set various configuration parameters. For device
with index X, attributes can be found under
<filename>/sys/bus/iio/iio:deviceX/ </filename> directory.
Common attributes are:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><filename>name</filename>, description of the physical
chip.
</listitem>
<listitem><filename>dev</filename>, shows the major:minor pair
associated with <filename>/dev/iio:deviceX</filename> node.
</listitem>
<listitem><filename>sampling_frequency_available</filename>,
available discrete set of sampling frequency values for
device.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
Available standard attributes for IIO devices are described in the
<filename>Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-iio </filename> file
in the Linux kernel sources.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="iiochannel"> <title> IIO device channels </title>
!Finclude/linux/iio/iio.h iio_chan_spec structure.
<para>
An IIO device channel is a representation of a data channel. An
IIO device can have one or multiple channels. For example:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
a thermometer sensor has one channel representing the
temperature measurement.
</listitem>
<listitem>
a light sensor with two channels indicating the measurements in
the visible and infrared spectrum.
</listitem>
<listitem>
an accelerometer can have up to 3 channels representing
acceleration on X, Y and Z axes.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
An IIO channel is described by the <type> struct iio_chan_spec
</type>. A thermometer driver for the temperature sensor in the
example above would have to describe its channel as follows:
<programlisting>
static const struct iio_chan_spec temp_channel[] = {
{
.type = IIO_TEMP,
.info_mask_separate = BIT(IIO_CHAN_INFO_PROCESSED),
},
};
</programlisting>
Channel sysfs attributes exposed to userspace are specified in
the form of <emphasis>bitmasks</emphasis>. Depending on their
shared info, attributes can be set in one of the following masks:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><emphasis>info_mask_separate</emphasis>, attributes will
be specific to this channel</listitem>
<listitem><emphasis>info_mask_shared_by_type</emphasis>,
attributes are shared by all channels of the same type</listitem>
<listitem><emphasis>info_mask_shared_by_dir</emphasis>, attributes
are shared by all channels of the same direction </listitem>
<listitem><emphasis>info_mask_shared_by_all</emphasis>,
attributes are shared by all channels</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
When there are multiple data channels per channel type we have two
ways to distinguish between them:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> set <emphasis> .modified</emphasis> field of <type>
iio_chan_spec</type> to 1. Modifiers are specified using
<emphasis>.channel2</emphasis> field of the same
<type>iio_chan_spec</type> structure and are used to indicate a
physically unique characteristic of the channel such as its direction
or spectral response. For example, a light sensor can have two channels,
one for infrared light and one for both infrared and visible light.
</listitem>
<listitem> set <emphasis>.indexed </emphasis> field of
<type>iio_chan_spec</type> to 1. In this case the channel is
simply another instance with an index specified by the
<emphasis>.channel</emphasis> field.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
Here is how we can make use of the channel's modifiers:
<programlisting>
static const struct iio_chan_spec light_channels[] = {
{
.type = IIO_INTENSITY,
.modified = 1,
.channel2 = IIO_MOD_LIGHT_IR,
.info_mask_separate = BIT(IIO_CHAN_INFO_RAW),
.info_mask_shared = BIT(IIO_CHAN_INFO_SAMP_FREQ),
},
{
.type = IIO_INTENSITY,
.modified = 1,
.channel2 = IIO_MOD_LIGHT_BOTH,
.info_mask_separate = BIT(IIO_CHAN_INFO_RAW),
.info_mask_shared = BIT(IIO_CHAN_INFO_SAMP_FREQ),
},
{
.type = IIO_LIGHT,
.info_mask_separate = BIT(IIO_CHAN_INFO_PROCESSED),
.info_mask_shared = BIT(IIO_CHAN_INFO_SAMP_FREQ),
},
}
</programlisting>
This channel's definition will generate two separate sysfs files
for raw data retrieval:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<filename>/sys/bus/iio/iio:deviceX/in_intensity_ir_raw</filename>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<filename>/sys/bus/iio/iio:deviceX/in_intensity_both_raw</filename>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
one file for processed data:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<filename>/sys/bus/iio/iio:deviceX/in_illuminance_input
</filename>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
and one shared sysfs file for sampling frequency:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<filename>/sys/bus/iio/iio:deviceX/sampling_frequency.
</filename>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
Here is how we can make use of the channel's indexing:
<programlisting>
static const struct iio_chan_spec light_channels[] = {
{
.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
.indexed = 1,
.channel = 0,
.info_mask_separate = BIT(IIO_CHAN_INFO_RAW),
},
{
.type = IIO_VOLTAGE,
.indexed = 1,
.channel = 1,
.info_mask_separate = BIT(IIO_CHAN_INFO_RAW),
},
}
</programlisting>
This will generate two separate attributes files for raw data
retrieval:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<filename>/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/in_voltage0_raw</filename>,
representing voltage measurement for channel 0.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<filename>/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/in_voltage1_raw</filename>,
representing voltage measurement for channel 1.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="iiobuffer"> <title> Industrial I/O buffers </title>
!Finclude/linux/iio/buffer.h iio_buffer
!Edrivers/iio/industrialio-buffer.c
<para>
The Industrial I/O core offers a way for continuous data capture
based on a trigger source. Multiple data channels can be read at once
from <filename>/dev/iio:deviceX</filename> character device node,
thus reducing the CPU load.
</para>
<sect2 id="iiobuffersysfs">
<title>IIO buffer sysfs interface </title>
<para>
An IIO buffer has an associated attributes directory under <filename>
/sys/bus/iio/iio:deviceX/buffer/</filename>. Here are the existing
attributes:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<emphasis>length</emphasis>, the total number of data samples
(capacity) that can be stored by the buffer.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<emphasis>enable</emphasis>, activate buffer capture.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="iiobuffersetup"> <title> IIO buffer setup </title>
<para>The meta information associated with a channel reading
placed in a buffer is called a <emphasis> scan element </emphasis>.
The important bits configuring scan elements are exposed to
userspace applications via the <filename>
/sys/bus/iio/iio:deviceX/scan_elements/</filename> directory. This
file contains attributes of the following form:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><emphasis>enable</emphasis>, used for enabling a channel.
If and only if its attribute is non zero, then a triggered capture
will contain data samples for this channel.
</listitem>
<listitem><emphasis>type</emphasis>, description of the scan element
data storage within the buffer and hence the form in which it is
read from user space. Format is <emphasis>
[be|le]:[s|u]bits/storagebitsXrepeat[>>shift] </emphasis>.
<itemizedlist>
<listitem> <emphasis>be</emphasis> or <emphasis>le</emphasis>, specifies
big or little endian.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<emphasis>s </emphasis>or <emphasis>u</emphasis>, specifies if
signed (2's complement) or unsigned.
</listitem>
<listitem><emphasis>bits</emphasis>, is the number of valid data
bits.
</listitem>
<listitem><emphasis>storagebits</emphasis>, is the number of bits
(after padding) that it occupies in the buffer.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<emphasis>shift</emphasis>, if specified, is the shift that needs
to be applied prior to masking out unused bits.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<emphasis>repeat</emphasis>, specifies the number of bits/storagebits
repetitions. When the repeat element is 0 or 1, then the repeat
value is omitted.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
For example, a driver for a 3-axis accelerometer with 12 bit
resolution where data is stored in two 8-bits registers as
follows:
<programlisting>
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|D3 |D2 |D1 |D0 | X | X | X | X | (LOW byte, address 0x06)
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|D11|D10|D9 |D8 |D7 |D6 |D5 |D4 | (HIGH byte, address 0x07)
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
</programlisting>
will have the following scan element type for each axis:
<programlisting>
$ cat /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0/scan_elements/in_accel_y_type
le:s12/16>>4
</programlisting>
A user space application will interpret data samples read from the
buffer as two byte little endian signed data, that needs a 4 bits
right shift before masking out the 12 valid bits of data.
</para>
<para>
For implementing buffer support a driver should initialize the following
fields in <type>iio_chan_spec</type> definition:
<programlisting>
struct iio_chan_spec {
/* other members */
int scan_index
struct {
char sign;
u8 realbits;
u8 storagebits;
u8 shift;
u8 repeat;
enum iio_endian endianness;
} scan_type;
};
</programlisting>
The driver implementing the accelerometer described above will
have the following channel definition:
<programlisting>
struct struct iio_chan_spec accel_channels[] = {
{
.type = IIO_ACCEL,
.modified = 1,
.channel2 = IIO_MOD_X,
/* other stuff here */
.scan_index = 0,
.scan_type = {
.sign = 's',
.realbits = 12,
.storagebits = 16,
.shift = 4,
.endianness = IIO_LE,
},
}
/* similar for Y (with channel2 = IIO_MOD_Y, scan_index = 1)
* and Z (with channel2 = IIO_MOD_Z, scan_index = 2) axis
*/
}
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
Here <emphasis> scan_index </emphasis> defines the order in which
the enabled channels are placed inside the buffer. Channels with a lower
scan_index will be placed before channels with a higher index. Each
channel needs to have a unique scan_index.
</para>
<para>
Setting scan_index to -1 can be used to indicate that the specific
channel does not support buffered capture. In this case no entries will
be created for the channel in the scan_elements directory.
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="iiotrigger"> <title> Industrial I/O triggers </title>
!Finclude/linux/iio/trigger.h iio_trigger
!Edrivers/iio/industrialio-trigger.c
<para>
In many situations it is useful for a driver to be able to
capture data based on some external event (trigger) as opposed
to periodically polling for data. An IIO trigger can be provided
by a device driver that also has an IIO device based on hardware
generated events (e.g. data ready or threshold exceeded) or
provided by a separate driver from an independent interrupt
source (e.g. GPIO line connected to some external system, timer
interrupt or user space writing a specific file in sysfs). A
trigger may initiate data capture for a number of sensors and
also it may be completely unrelated to the sensor itself.
</para>
<sect2 id="iiotrigsysfs"> <title> IIO trigger sysfs interface </title>
There are two locations in sysfs related to triggers:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><filename>/sys/bus/iio/devices/triggerY</filename>,
this file is created once an IIO trigger is registered with
the IIO core and corresponds to trigger with index Y. Because
triggers can be very different depending on type there are few
standard attributes that we can describe here:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<emphasis>name</emphasis>, trigger name that can be later
used for association with a device.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<emphasis>sampling_frequency</emphasis>, some timer based
triggers use this attribute to specify the frequency for
trigger calls.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<filename>/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/trigger/</filename>, this
directory is created once the device supports a triggered
buffer. We can associate a trigger with our device by writing
the trigger's name in the <filename>current_trigger</filename> file.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="iiotrigattr"> <title> IIO trigger setup</title>
<para>
Let's see a simple example of how to setup a trigger to be used
by a driver.
<programlisting>
struct iio_trigger_ops trigger_ops = {
.set_trigger_state = sample_trigger_state,
.validate_device = sample_validate_device,
}
struct iio_trigger *trig;
/* first, allocate memory for our trigger */
trig = iio_trigger_alloc(dev, "trig-%s-%d", name, idx);
/* setup trigger operations field */
trig->ops = &amp;trigger_ops;
/* now register the trigger with the IIO core */
iio_trigger_register(trig);
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="iiotrigsetup"> <title> IIO trigger ops</title>
!Finclude/linux/iio/trigger.h iio_trigger_ops
<para>
Notice that a trigger has a set of operations attached:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<function>set_trigger_state</function>, switch the trigger on/off
on demand.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<function>validate_device</function>, function to validate the
device when the current trigger gets changed.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="iiotriggered_buffer">
<title> Industrial I/O triggered buffers </title>
<para>
Now that we know what buffers and triggers are let's see how they
work together.
</para>
<sect2 id="iiotrigbufsetup"> <title> IIO triggered buffer setup</title>
!Edrivers/iio/buffer/industrialio-triggered-buffer.c
!Finclude/linux/iio/iio.h iio_buffer_setup_ops
<para>
A typical triggered buffer setup looks like this:
<programlisting>
const struct iio_buffer_setup_ops sensor_buffer_setup_ops = {
.preenable = sensor_buffer_preenable,
.postenable = sensor_buffer_postenable,
.postdisable = sensor_buffer_postdisable,
.predisable = sensor_buffer_predisable,
};
irqreturn_t sensor_iio_pollfunc(int irq, void *p)
{
pf->timestamp = iio_get_time_ns((struct indio_dev *)p);
return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD;
}
irqreturn_t sensor_trigger_handler(int irq, void *p)
{
u16 buf[8];
int i = 0;
/* read data for each active channel */
for_each_set_bit(bit, active_scan_mask, masklength)
buf[i++] = sensor_get_data(bit)
iio_push_to_buffers_with_timestamp(indio_dev, buf, timestamp);
iio_trigger_notify_done(trigger);
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
/* setup triggered buffer, usually in probe function */
iio_triggered_buffer_setup(indio_dev, sensor_iio_polfunc,
sensor_trigger_handler,
sensor_buffer_setup_ops);
</programlisting>
</para>
The important things to notice here are:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><function> iio_buffer_setup_ops</function>, the buffer setup
functions to be called at predefined points in the buffer configuration
sequence (e.g. before enable, after disable). If not specified, the
IIO core uses the default <type>iio_triggered_buffer_setup_ops</type>.
</listitem>
<listitem><function>sensor_iio_pollfunc</function>, the function that
will be used as top half of poll function. It should do as little
processing as possible, because it runs in interrupt context. The most
common operation is recording of the current timestamp and for this reason
one can use the IIO core defined <function>iio_pollfunc_store_time
</function> function.
</listitem>
<listitem><function>sensor_trigger_handler</function>, the function that
will be used as bottom half of the poll function. This runs in the
context of a kernel thread and all the processing takes place here.
It usually reads data from the device and stores it in the internal
buffer together with the timestamp recorded in the top half.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id='iioresources'>
<title> Resources </title>
IIO core may change during time so the best documentation to read is the
source code. There are several locations where you should look:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<filename>drivers/iio/</filename>, contains the IIO core plus
and directories for each sensor type (e.g. accel, magnetometer,
etc.)
</listitem>
<listitem>
<filename>include/linux/iio/</filename>, contains the header
files, nice to read for the internal kernel interfaces.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<filename>include/uapi/linux/iio/</filename>, contains files to be
used by user space applications.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<filename>tools/iio/</filename>, contains tools for rapidly
testing buffers, events and device creation.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<filename>drivers/staging/iio/</filename>, contains code for some
drivers or experimental features that are not yet mature enough
to be moved out.
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
Besides the code, there are some good online documentation sources:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<ulink url="http://marc.info/?l=linux-iio"> Industrial I/O mailing
list </ulink>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<ulink url="http://wiki.analog.com/software/linux/docs/iio/iio">
Analog Device IIO wiki page </ulink>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<ulink url="https://fosdem.org/2015/schedule/event/iiosdr/">
Using the Linux IIO framework for SDR, Lars-Peter Clausen's
presentation at FOSDEM </ulink>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</chapter>
</book>
<!--
vim: softtabstop=2:shiftwidth=2:expandtab:textwidth=72
-->

8
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@ -115,12 +115,12 @@
</para>
<para>
If the architecture that you are using supports the kernel option
CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA, you should consider turning it off. This
CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX, you should consider turning it off. This
option will prevent the use of software breakpoints because it
marks certain regions of the kernel's memory space as read-only.
If kgdb supports it for the architecture you are using, you can
use hardware breakpoints if you desire to run with the
CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA option turned on, else you need to turn off
CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX option turned on, else you need to turn off
this option.
</para>
<para>
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
<para>Here is an example set of .config symbols to enable or
disable for kgdb:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para># CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA is not set</para></listitem>
<listitem><para># CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX is not set</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER=y</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB=y</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE=y</para></listitem>
@ -166,7 +166,7 @@
</para>
<para>Here is an example set of .config symbols to enable/disable kdb:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para># CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA is not set</para></listitem>
<listitem><para># CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX is not set</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER=y</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB=y</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CONFIG_KGDB_SERIAL_CONSOLE=y</para></listitem>

2
Documentation/DocBook/libata.tmpl
View File

@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@ and other resources, etc.
</itemizedlist>
<para>
Of errors detected as above, the followings are not ATA/ATAPI
Of errors detected as above, the following are not ATA/ATAPI
device errors but ATA bus errors and should be handled
according to <xref linkend="excatATAbusErr"/>.
</para>

304
Documentation/DocBook/regulator.tmpl
View File

@ -1,304 +0,0 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
<book id="regulator-api">
<bookinfo>
<title>Voltage and current regulator API</title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Liam</firstname>
<surname>Girdwood</surname>
<affiliation>
<address>
<email>lrg@slimlogic.co.uk</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<firstname>Mark</firstname>
<surname>Brown</surname>
<affiliation>
<orgname>Wolfson Microelectronics</orgname>
<address>
<email>broonie@opensource.wolfsonmicro.com</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<copyright>
<year>2007-2008</year>
<holder>Wolfson Microelectronics</holder>
</copyright>
<copyright>
<year>2008</year>
<holder>Liam Girdwood</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
<para>
This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
</para>
<para>
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the GNU General Public License for more details.
</para>
<para>
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
MA 02111-1307 USA
</para>
<para>
For more details see the file COPYING in the source
distribution of Linux.
</para>
</legalnotice>
</bookinfo>
<toc></toc>
<chapter id="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<para>
This framework is designed to provide a standard kernel
interface to control voltage and current regulators.
</para>
<para>
The intention is to allow systems to dynamically control
regulator power output in order to save power and prolong
battery life. This applies to both voltage regulators (where
voltage output is controllable) and current sinks (where current
limit is controllable).
</para>
<para>
Note that additional (and currently more complete) documentation
is available in the Linux kernel source under
<filename>Documentation/power/regulator</filename>.
</para>
<sect1 id="glossary">
<title>Glossary</title>
<para>
The regulator API uses a number of terms which may not be
familiar:
</para>
<glossary>
<glossentry>
<glossterm>Regulator</glossterm>
<glossdef>
<para>
Electronic device that supplies power to other devices. Most
regulators can enable and disable their output and some can also
control their output voltage or current.
</para>
</glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry>
<glossterm>Consumer</glossterm>
<glossdef>
<para>
Electronic device which consumes power provided by a regulator.
These may either be static, requiring only a fixed supply, or
dynamic, requiring active management of the regulator at
runtime.
</para>
</glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry>
<glossterm>Power Domain</glossterm>
<glossdef>
<para>
The electronic circuit supplied by a given regulator, including
the regulator and all consumer devices. The configuration of
the regulator is shared between all the components in the
circuit.
</para>
</glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry>
<glossterm>Power Management Integrated Circuit</glossterm>
<acronym>PMIC</acronym>
<glossdef>
<para>
An IC which contains numerous regulators and often also other
subsystems. In an embedded system the primary PMIC is often
equivalent to a combination of the PSU and southbridge in a
desktop system.
</para>
</glossdef>
</glossentry>
</glossary>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="consumer">
<title>Consumer driver interface</title>
<para>
This offers a similar API to the kernel clock framework.
Consumer drivers use <link
linkend='API-regulator-get'>get</link> and <link
linkend='API-regulator-put'>put</link> operations to acquire and
release regulators. Functions are
provided to <link linkend='API-regulator-enable'>enable</link>
and <link linkend='API-regulator-disable'>disable</link> the
regulator and to get and set the runtime parameters of the
regulator.
</para>
<para>
When requesting regulators consumers use symbolic names for their
supplies, such as "Vcc", which are mapped into actual regulator
devices by the machine interface.
</para>
<para>
A stub version of this API is provided when the regulator
framework is not in use in order to minimise the need to use
ifdefs.
</para>
<sect1 id="consumer-enable">
<title>Enabling and disabling</title>
<para>
The regulator API provides reference counted enabling and
disabling of regulators. Consumer devices use the <function><link
linkend='API-regulator-enable'>regulator_enable</link></function>
and <function><link
linkend='API-regulator-disable'>regulator_disable</link>
</function> functions to enable and disable regulators. Calls
to the two functions must be balanced.
</para>
<para>
Note that since multiple consumers may be using a regulator and
machine constraints may not allow the regulator to be disabled
there is no guarantee that calling
<function>regulator_disable</function> will actually cause the
supply provided by the regulator to be disabled. Consumer
drivers should assume that the regulator may be enabled at all
times.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="consumer-config">
<title>Configuration</title>
<para>
Some consumer devices may need to be able to dynamically
configure their supplies. For example, MMC drivers may need to
select the correct operating voltage for their cards. This may
be done while the regulator is enabled or disabled.
</para>
<para>
The <function><link
linkend='API-regulator-set-voltage'>regulator_set_voltage</link>
</function> and <function><link
linkend='API-regulator-set-current-limit'
>regulator_set_current_limit</link>
</function> functions provide the primary interface for this.
Both take ranges of voltages and currents, supporting drivers
that do not require a specific value (eg, CPU frequency scaling
normally permits the CPU to use a wider range of supply
voltages at lower frequencies but does not require that the
supply voltage be lowered). Where an exact value is required
both minimum and maximum values should be identical.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="consumer-callback">
<title>Callbacks</title>
<para>
Callbacks may also be <link
linkend='API-regulator-register-notifier'>registered</link>
for events such as regulation failures.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="driver">
<title>Regulator driver interface</title>
<para>
Drivers for regulator chips <link
linkend='API-regulator-register'>register</link> the regulators
with the regulator core, providing operations structures to the
core. A <link
linkend='API-regulator-notifier-call-chain'>notifier</link> interface
allows error conditions to be reported to the core.
</para>
<para>
Registration should be triggered by explicit setup done by the
platform, supplying a <link
linkend='API-struct-regulator-init-data'>struct
regulator_init_data</link> for the regulator containing
<link linkend='machine-constraint'>constraint</link> and
<link linkend='machine-supply'>supply</link> information.
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter id="machine">
<title>Machine interface</title>
<para>
This interface provides a way to define how regulators are
connected to consumers on a given system and what the valid
operating parameters are for the system.
</para>
<sect1 id="machine-supply">
<title>Supplies</title>
<para>
Regulator supplies are specified using <link
linkend='API-struct-regulator-consumer-supply'>struct
regulator_consumer_supply</link>. This is done at
<link linkend='driver'>driver registration
time</link> as part of the machine constraints.
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="machine-constraint">
<title>Constraints</title>
<para>
As well as defining the connections the machine interface
also provides constraints defining the operations that
clients are allowed to perform and the parameters that may be
set. This is required since generally regulator devices will
offer more flexibility than it is safe to use on a given
system, for example supporting higher supply voltages than the
consumers are rated for.
</para>
<para>
This is done at <link linkend='driver'>driver
registration time</link> by providing a <link
linkend='API-struct-regulation-constraints'>struct
regulation_constraints</link>.
</para>
<para>
The constraints may also specify an initial configuration for the
regulator in the constraints, which is particularly useful for
use with static consumers.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="api">
<title>API reference</title>
<para>
Due to limitations of the kernel documentation framework and the
existing layout of the source code the entire regulator API is
documented here.
</para>
!Iinclude/linux/regulator/consumer.h
!Iinclude/linux/regulator/machine.h
!Iinclude/linux/regulator/driver.h
!Edrivers/regulator/core.c
</chapter>
</book>

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2
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@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ and tell you when they come and go.
Creating the User
To user the message handler, you must first create a user using
To use the message handler, you must first create a user using
ipmi_create_user. The interface number specifies which SMI you want
to connect to, and you must supply callback functions to be called
when data comes in. The callback function can run at interrupt level,

34
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View File

@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ ALLSPHINXOPTS = $(KERNELDOC_CONF) $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS)
I18NSPHINXOPTS = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
# commands; the 'cmd' from scripts/Kbuild.include is not *loopable*
loop_cmd = $(echo-cmd) $(cmd_$(1))
loop_cmd = $(echo-cmd) $(cmd_$(1)) || exit;
# $2 sphinx builder e.g. "html"
# $3 name of the build subfolder / e.g. "media", used as:
@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ loop_cmd = $(echo-cmd) $(cmd_$(1))
# e.g. "media" for the linux-tv book-set at ./Documentation/media
quiet_cmd_sphinx = SPHINX $@ --> file://$(abspath $(BUILDDIR)/$3/$4)
cmd_sphinx = $(MAKE) BUILDDIR=$(abspath $(BUILDDIR)) $(build)=Documentation/media $2;\
cmd_sphinx = $(MAKE) BUILDDIR=$(abspath $(BUILDDIR)) $(build)=Documentation/media $2 && \
PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1 \
BUILDDIR=$(abspath $(BUILDDIR)) SPHINX_CONF=$(abspath $(srctree)/$(src)/$5/$(SPHINX_CONF)) \
$(SPHINXBUILD) \
-b $2 \
@ -63,13 +64,16 @@ quiet_cmd_sphinx = SPHINX $@ --> file://$(abspath $(BUILDDIR)/$3/$4)
-D version=$(KERNELVERSION) -D release=$(KERNELRELEASE) \
$(ALLSPHINXOPTS) \
$(abspath $(srctree)/$(src)/$5) \
$(abspath $(BUILDDIR)/$3/$4);
$(abspath $(BUILDDIR)/$3/$4)
htmldocs:
@$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS),$(call loop_cmd,sphinx,html,$(var),,$(var)))
@+$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS),$(call loop_cmd,sphinx,html,$(var),,$(var)))
linkcheckdocs:
@$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS),$(call loop_cmd,sphinx,linkcheck,$(var),,$(var)))
latexdocs:
@$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS),$(call loop_cmd,sphinx,latex,$(var),latex,$(var)))
@+$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS),$(call loop_cmd,sphinx,latex,$(var),latex,$(var)))
ifeq ($(HAVE_PDFLATEX),0)
@ -80,27 +84,34 @@ pdfdocs:
else # HAVE_PDFLATEX
pdfdocs: latexdocs
$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS), $(MAKE) PDFLATEX=$(PDFLATEX) LATEXOPTS="$(LATEXOPTS)" -C $(BUILDDIR)/$(var)/latex;)
$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS), $(MAKE) PDFLATEX=$(PDFLATEX) LATEXOPTS="$(LATEXOPTS)" -C $(BUILDDIR)/$(var)/latex || exit;)
endif # HAVE_PDFLATEX
epubdocs:
@$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS),$(call loop_cmd,sphinx,epub,$(var),epub,$(var)))
@+$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS),$(call loop_cmd,sphinx,epub,$(var),epub,$(var)))
xmldocs:
@$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS),$(call loop_cmd,sphinx,xml,$(var),xml,$(var)))
@+$(foreach var,$(SPHINXDIRS),$(call loop_cmd,sphinx,xml,$(var),xml,$(var)))
endif # HAVE_SPHINX
# The following targets are independent of HAVE_SPHINX, and the rules should
# work or silently pass without Sphinx.
# no-ops for the Sphinx toolchain
sgmldocs:
@:
psdocs:
@:
mandocs:
@:
installmandocs:
@:
cleandocs:
$(Q)rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)
$(Q)$(MAKE) BUILDDIR=$(abspath $(BUILDDIR)) -C Documentation/media clean
endif # HAVE_SPHINX
$(Q)$(MAKE) BUILDDIR=$(abspath $(BUILDDIR)) $(build)=Documentation/media clean
dochelp:
@echo ' Linux kernel internal documentation in different formats (Sphinx):'
@ -109,6 +120,7 @@ dochelp:
@echo ' pdfdocs - PDF'
@echo ' epubdocs - EPUB'
@echo ' xmldocs - XML'
@echo ' linkcheckdocs - check for broken external links (will connect to external hosts)'
@echo ' cleandocs - clean all generated files'
@echo
@echo ' make SPHINXDIRS="s1 s2" [target] Generate only docs of folder s1, s2'

6
Documentation/PCI/MSI-HOWTO.txt
View File

@ -162,8 +162,6 @@ The following old APIs to enable and disable MSI or MSI-X interrupts should
not be used in new code:
pci_enable_msi() /* deprecated */
pci_enable_msi_range() /* deprecated */
pci_enable_msi_exact() /* deprecated */
pci_disable_msi() /* deprecated */
pci_enable_msix_range() /* deprecated */
pci_enable_msix_exact() /* deprecated */
@ -268,5 +266,5 @@ or disabled (0). If 0 is found in any of the msi_bus files belonging
to bridges between the PCI root and the device, MSIs are disabled.
It is also worth checking the device driver to see whether it supports MSIs.
For example, it may contain calls to pci_enable_msi_range() or
pci_enable_msix_range().
For example, it may contain calls to pci_irq_alloc_vectors() with the
PCI_IRQ_MSI or PCI_IRQ_MSIX flags.

31
Documentation/PCI/PCIEBUS-HOWTO.txt
View File

@ -161,21 +161,13 @@ Since all service drivers of a PCI-PCI Bridge Port device are
allowed to run simultaneously, below lists a few of possible resource
conflicts with proposed solutions.
6.1 MSI Vector Resource
6.1 MSI and MSI-X Vector Resource
The MSI capability structure enables a device software driver to call
pci_enable_msi to request MSI based interrupts. Once MSI interrupts
are enabled on a device, it stays in this mode until a device driver
calls pci_disable_msi to disable MSI interrupts and revert back to
INTx emulation mode. Since service drivers of the same PCI-PCI Bridge
port share the same physical device, if an individual service driver
calls pci_enable_msi/pci_disable_msi it may result unpredictable
behavior. For example, two service drivers run simultaneously on the
same physical Root Port. Both service drivers call pci_enable_msi to
request MSI based interrupts. A service driver may not know whether
any other service drivers have run on this Root Port. If either one
of them calls pci_disable_msi, it puts the other service driver
in a wrong interrupt mode.
Once MSI or MSI-X interrupts are enabled on a device, it stays in this
mode until they are disabled again. Since service drivers of the same
PCI-PCI Bridge port share the same physical device, if an individual
service driver enables or disables MSI/MSI-X mode it may result
unpredictable behavior.
To avoid this situation all service drivers are not permitted to
switch interrupt mode on its device. The PCI Express Port Bus driver
@ -187,17 +179,6 @@ driver. Service drivers should use (struct pcie_device*)dev->irq to
call request_irq/free_irq. In addition, the interrupt mode is stored
in the field interrupt_mode of struct pcie_device.
6.2 MSI-X Vector Resources
Similar to the MSI a device driver for an MSI-X capable device can
call pci_enable_msix to request MSI-X interrupts. All service drivers
are not permitted to switch interrupt mode on its device. The PCI
Express Port Bus driver is responsible for determining the interrupt
mode and this should be transparent to service drivers. Any attempt
by service driver to call pci_enable_msix/pci_disable_msix may
result unpredictable behavior. Service drivers should use
(struct pcie_device*)dev->irq and call request_irq/free_irq.
6.3 PCI Memory/IO Mapped Regions
Service drivers for PCI Express Power Management (PME), Advanced

24
Documentation/PCI/pci-error-recovery.txt
View File

@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ struct pci_error_handlers
{
int (*error_detected)(struct pci_dev *dev, enum pci_channel_state);
int (*mmio_enabled)(struct pci_dev *dev);
int (*link_reset)(struct pci_dev *dev);
int (*slot_reset)(struct pci_dev *dev);
void (*resume)(struct pci_dev *dev);
};
@ -104,8 +103,7 @@ if it implements any, it must implement error_detected(). If a callback
is not implemented, the corresponding feature is considered unsupported.
For example, if mmio_enabled() and resume() aren't there, then it
is assumed that the driver is not doing any direct recovery and requires
a slot reset. If link_reset() is not implemented, the card is assumed to
not care about link resets. Typically a driver will want to know about
a slot reset. Typically a driver will want to know about
a slot_reset().
The actual steps taken by a platform to recover from a PCI error
@ -232,25 +230,9 @@ proceeds to STEP 4 (Slot Reset)
STEP 3: Link Reset
------------------
The platform resets the link, and then calls the link_reset() callback
on all affected device drivers. This is a PCI-Express specific state
The platform resets the link. This is a PCI-Express specific step
and is done whenever a non-fatal error has been detected that can be
"solved" by resetting the link. This call informs the driver of the
reset and the driver should check to see if the device appears to be
in working condition.
The driver is not supposed to restart normal driver I/O operations
at this point. It should limit itself to "probing" the device to
check its recoverability status. If all is right, then the platform
will call resume() once all drivers have ack'd link_reset().
Result codes:
(identical to STEP 3 (MMIO Enabled)
The platform then proceeds to either STEP 4 (Slot Reset) or STEP 5
(Resume Operations).
>>> The current powerpc implementation does not implement this callback.
"solved" by resetting the link.
STEP 4: Slot Reset
------------------

22
Documentation/PCI/pci.txt
View File

@ -382,18 +382,18 @@ The fundamental difference between MSI and MSI-X is how multiple
"vectors" get allocated. MSI requires contiguous blocks of vectors
while MSI-X can allocate several individual ones.
MSI capability can be enabled by calling pci_enable_msi() or
pci_enable_msix() before calling request_irq(). This causes
the PCI support to program CPU vector data into the PCI device
capability registers.
MSI capability can be enabled by calling pci_alloc_irq_vectors() with the
PCI_IRQ_MSI and/or PCI_IRQ_MSIX flags before calling request_irq(). This
causes the PCI support to program CPU vector data into the PCI device
capability registers. Many architectures, chip-sets, or BIOSes do NOT
support MSI or MSI-X and a call to pci_alloc_irq_vectors with just
the PCI_IRQ_MSI and PCI_IRQ_MSIX flags will fail, so try to always
specify PCI_IRQ_LEGACY as well.
If your PCI device supports both, try to enable MSI-X first.
Only one can be enabled at a time. Many architectures, chip-sets,
or BIOSes do NOT support MSI or MSI-X and the call to pci_enable_msi/msix
will fail. This is important to note since many drivers have
two (or more) interrupt handlers: one for MSI/MSI-X and another for IRQs.
They choose which handler to register with request_irq() based on the
return value from pci_enable_msi/msix().
Drivers that have different interrupt handlers for MSI/MSI-X and
legacy INTx should chose the right one based on the msi_enabled
and msix_enabled flags in the pci_dev structure after calling
pci_alloc_irq_vectors.
There are (at least) two really good reasons for using MSI:
1) MSI is an exclusive interrupt vector by definition.

2
Documentation/PCI/pcieaer-howto.txt
View File

@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ After reboot with new kernel or insert the module, a device file named
Then, you need a user space tool named aer-inject, which can be gotten
from:
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/pci/aer-inject/
https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/gong.chen/aer-inject.git/
More information about aer-inject can be found in the document comes
with its source code.

5
Documentation/RCU/Design/Data-Structures/Data-Structures.html
View File

@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<head><title>A Tour Through TREE_RCU's Data Structures [LWN.net]</title>
<meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<p>January 27, 2016</p>
<p>December 18, 2016</p>
<p>This article was contributed by Paul E.&nbsp;McKenney</p>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
@ -31,9 +31,6 @@ to each other.
Accessor Functions</a>
</ol>
At the end we have the
<a href="#Answers to Quick Quizzes">answers to the quick quizzes</a>.
<h3><a name="Data-Structure Relationships">Data-Structure Relationships</a></h3>
<p>RCU is for all intents and purposes a large state machine, and its

830
Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/ExpRCUFlow.svg 100644
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head><title>A Tour Through TREE_RCU's Expedited Grace Periods</title>
<meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<h2>Introduction</h2>
This document describes RCU's expedited grace periods.
Unlike RCU's normal grace periods, which accept long latencies to attain
high efficiency and minimal disturbance, expedited grace periods accept
lower efficiency and significant disturbance to attain shorter latencies.
<p>
There are three flavors of RCU (RCU-bh, RCU-preempt, and RCU-sched),
but only two flavors of expedited grace periods because the RCU-bh
expedited grace period maps onto the RCU-sched expedited grace period.
Each of the remaining two implementations is covered in its own section.
<ol>
<li> <a href="#Expedited Grace Period Design">
Expedited Grace Period Design</a>
<li> <a href="#RCU-preempt Expedited Grace Periods">
RCU-preempt Expedited Grace Periods</a>
<li> <a href="#RCU-sched Expedited Grace Periods">
RCU-sched Expedited Grace Periods</a>
<li> <a href="#Expedited Grace Period and CPU Hotplug">
Expedited Grace Period and CPU Hotplug</a>
<li> <a href="#Expedited Grace Period Refinements">
Expedited Grace Period Refinements</a>
</ol>
<h2><a name="Expedited Grace Period Design">
Expedited Grace Period Design</a></h2>
<p>
The expedited RCU grace periods cannot be accused of being subtle,
given that they for all intents and purposes hammer every CPU that
has not yet provided a quiescent state for the current expedited
grace period.
The one saving grace is that the hammer has grown a bit smaller
over time: The old call to <tt>try_stop_cpus()</tt> has been
replaced with a set of calls to <tt>smp_call_function_single()</tt>,
each of which results in an IPI to the target CPU.
The corresponding handler function checks the CPU's state, motivating
a faster quiescent state where possible, and triggering a report
of that quiescent state.
As always for RCU, once everything has spent some time in a quiescent
state, the expedited grace period has completed.
<p>
The details of the <tt>smp_call_function_single()</tt> handler's
operation depend on the RCU flavor, as described in the following
sections.
<h2><a name="RCU-preempt Expedited Grace Periods">
RCU-preempt Expedited Grace Periods</a></h2>
<p>
The overall flow of the handling of a given CPU by an RCU-preempt
expedited grace period is shown in the following diagram:
<p><img src="ExpRCUFlow.svg" alt="ExpRCUFlow.svg" width="55%">
<p>
The solid arrows denote direct action, for example, a function call.
The dotted arrows denote indirect action, for example, an IPI
or a state that is reached after some time.
<p>
If a given CPU is offline or idle, <tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt>
will ignore it because idle and offline CPUs are already residing
in quiescent states.
Otherwise, the expedited grace period will use
<tt>smp_call_function_single()</tt> to send the CPU an IPI, which
is handled by <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt>.
<p>
However, because this is preemptible RCU, <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt>
can check to see if the CPU is currently running in an RCU read-side
critical section.
If not, the handler can immediately report a quiescent state.
Otherwise, it sets flags so that the outermost <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
invocation will provide the needed quiescent-state report.
This flag-setting avoids the previous forced preemption of all
CPUs that might have RCU read-side critical sections.
In addition, this flag-setting is done so as to avoid increasing
the overhead of the common-case fastpath through the scheduler.
<p>
Again because this is preemptible RCU, an RCU read-side critical section
can be preempted.
When that happens, RCU will enqueue the task, which will the continue to
block the current expedited grace period until it resumes and finds its
outermost <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>.
The CPU will report a quiescent state just after enqueuing the task because
the CPU is no longer blocking the grace period.
It is instead the preempted task doing the blocking.
The list of blocked tasks is managed by <tt>rcu_preempt_ctxt_queue()</tt>,
which is called from <tt>rcu_preempt_note_context_switch()</tt>, which
in turn is called from <tt>rcu_note_context_switch()</tt>, which in
turn is called from the scheduler.
<table>
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
<tr><td>
Why not just have the expedited grace period check the
state of all the CPUs?
After all, that would avoid all those real-time-unfriendly IPIs.
</td></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
Because we want the RCU read-side critical sections to run fast,
which means no memory barriers.
Therefore, it is not possible to safely check the state from some
other CPU.
And even if it was possible to safely check the state, it would
still be necessary to IPI the CPU to safely interact with the
upcoming <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> invocation, which means that
the remote state testing would not help the worst-case
latency that real-time applications care about.
<p><font color="ffffff">One way to prevent your real-time
application from getting hit with these IPIs is to
build your kernel with <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y</tt>.
RCU would then perceive the CPU running your application
as being idle, and it would be able to safely detect that
state without needing to IPI the CPU.
</font></td></tr>
<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
<p>
Please note that this is just the overall flow:
Additional complications can arise due to races with CPUs going idle
or offline, among other things.
<h2><a name="RCU-sched Expedited Grace Periods">
RCU-sched Expedited Grace Periods</a></h2>
<p>
The overall flow of the handling of a given CPU by an RCU-sched
expedited grace period is shown in the following diagram:
<p><img src="ExpSchedFlow.svg" alt="ExpSchedFlow.svg" width="55%">
<p>
As with RCU-preempt's <tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt>,
<tt>synchronize_sched_expedited()</tt> ignores offline and
idle CPUs, again because they are in remotely detectable
quiescent states.
However, the <tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt> handler
is <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt>, and because the
<tt>rcu_read_lock_sched()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock_sched()</tt>
leave no trace of their invocation, in general it is not possible to tell
whether or not the current CPU is in an RCU read-side critical section.
The best that <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> can do is to check
for idle, on the off-chance that the CPU went idle while the IPI
was in flight.
If the CPU is idle, then tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> reports
the quiescent state.
<p>
Otherwise, the handler invokes <tt>resched_cpu()</tt>, which forces
a future context switch.
At the time of the context switch, the CPU reports the quiescent state.
Should the CPU go offline first, it will report the quiescent state
at that time.
<h2><a name="Expedited Grace Period and CPU Hotplug">
Expedited Grace Period and CPU Hotplug</a></h2>
<p>
The expedited nature of expedited grace periods require a much tighter
interaction with CPU hotplug operations than is required for normal
grace periods.
In addition, attempting to IPI offline CPUs will result in splats, but
failing to IPI online CPUs can result in too-short grace periods.
Neither option is acceptable in production kernels.
<p>
The interaction between expedited grace periods and CPU hotplug operations
is carried out at several levels:
<ol>
<li> The number of CPUs that have ever been online is tracked
by the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;ncpus</tt>
field.
The <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;ncpus_snap</tt>
field tracks the number of CPUs that have ever been online
at the beginning of an RCU expedited grace period.
Note that this number never decreases, at least in the absence
of a time machine.
<li> The identities of the CPUs that have ever been online is
tracked by the <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's
<tt>-&gt;expmaskinitnext</tt> field.
The <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;expmaskinit</tt>
field tracks the identities of the CPUs that were online
at least once at the beginning of the most recent RCU
expedited grace period.
The <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;ncpus</tt> and
<tt>-&gt;ncpus_snap</tt> fields are used to detect when
new CPUs have come online for the first time, that is,
when the <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;expmaskinitnext</tt>
field has changed since the beginning of the last RCU
expedited grace period, which triggers an update of each
<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;expmaskinit</tt>
field from its <tt>-&gt;expmaskinitnext</tt> field.
<li> Each <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;expmaskinit</tt>
field is used to initialize that structure's
<tt>-&gt;expmask</tt> at the beginning of each RCU
expedited grace period.
This means that only those CPUs that have been online at least
once will be considered for a given grace period.
<li> Any CPU that goes offline will clear its bit in its leaf
<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>-&gt;qsmaskinitnext</tt>
field, so any CPU with that bit clear can safely be ignored.
However, it is possible for a CPU coming online or going offline
to have this bit set for some time while <tt>cpu_online</tt>
returns <tt>false</tt>.
<li> For each non-idle CPU that RCU believes is currently online, the grace
period invokes <tt>smp_call_function_single()</tt>.
If this succeeds, the CPU was fully online.
Failure indicates that the CPU is in the process of coming online
or going offline, in which case it is necessary to wait for a
short time period and try again.
The purpose of this wait (or series of waits, as the case may be)
is to permit a concurrent CPU-hotplug operation to complete.
<li> In the case of RCU-sched, one of the last acts of an outgoing CPU
is to invoke <tt>rcu_report_dead()</tt>, which
reports a quiescent state for that CPU.
However, this is likely paranoia-induced redundancy. <!-- @@@ -->
</ol>
<table>
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
<tr><td>
Why all the dancing around with multiple counters and masks
tracking CPUs that were once online?
Why not just have a single set of masks tracking the currently
online CPUs and be done with it?
</td></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
Maintaining single set of masks tracking the online CPUs <i>sounds</i>
easier, at least until you try working out all the race conditions
between grace-period initialization and CPU-hotplug operations.
For example, suppose initialization is progressing down the
tree while a CPU-offline operation is progressing up the tree.
This situation can result in bits set at the top of the tree
that have no counterparts at the bottom of the tree.
Those bits will never be cleared, which will result in
grace-period hangs.
In short, that way lies madness, to say nothing of a great many
bugs, hangs, and deadlocks.
<p><font color="ffffff">
In contrast, the current multi-mask multi-counter scheme ensures
that grace-period initialization will always see consistent masks
up and down the tree, which brings significant simplifications
over the single-mask method.
<p><font color="ffffff">
This is an instance of
<a href="http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~library/TR-repository/reports/reports-1992/cucs-039-92.ps.gz"><font color="ffffff">
deferring work in order to avoid synchronization</a>.
Lazily recording CPU-hotplug events at the beginning of the next
grace period greatly simplifies maintenance of the CPU-tracking
bitmasks in the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree.
</font></td></tr>
<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
<h2><a name="Expedited Grace Period Refinements">
Expedited Grace Period Refinements</a></h2>
<ol>
<li> <a href="#Idle-CPU Checks">Idle-CPU checks</a>.
<li> <a href="#Batching via Sequence Counter">
Batching via sequence counter</a>.
<li> <a href="#Funnel Locking and Wait/Wakeup">
Funnel locking and wait/wakeup</a>.
<li> <a href="#Use of Workqueues">Use of Workqueues</a>.
<li> <a href="#Stall Warnings">Stall warnings</a>.
</ol>
<h3><a name="Idle-CPU Checks">Idle-CPU Checks</a></h3>
<p>
Each expedited grace period checks for idle CPUs when initially forming
the mask of CPUs to be IPIed and again just before IPIing a CPU
(both checks are carried out by <tt>sync_rcu_exp_select_cpus()</tt>).
If the CPU is idle at any time between those two times, the CPU will
not be IPIed.
Instead, the task pushing the grace period forward will include the
idle CPUs in the mask passed to <tt>rcu_report_exp_cpu_mult()</tt>.
<p>
For RCU-sched, there is an additional check for idle in the IPI
handler, <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt>.
If the IPI has interrupted the idle loop, then
<tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> invokes <tt>rcu_report_exp_rdp()</tt>
to report the corresponding quiescent state.
<p>
For RCU-preempt, there is no specific check for idle in the
IPI handler (<tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt>), but because
RCU read-side critical sections are not permitted within the
idle loop, if <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt> sees that the CPU is within
RCU read-side critical section, the CPU cannot possibly be idle.
Otherwise, <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt> invokes
<tt>rcu_report_exp_rdp()</tt> to report the corresponding quiescent
state, regardless of whether or not that quiescent state was due to
the CPU being idle.
<p>
In summary, RCU expedited grace periods check for idle when building
the bitmask of CPUs that must be IPIed, just before sending each IPI,
and (either explicitly or implicitly) within the IPI handler.
<h3><a name="Batching via Sequence Counter">
Batching via Sequence Counter</a></h3>
<p>
If each grace-period request was carried out separately, expedited
grace periods would have abysmal scalability and
problematic high-load characteristics.
Because each grace-period operation can serve an unlimited number of
updates, it is important to <i>batch</i> requests, so that a single
expedited grace-period operation will cover all requests in the
corresponding batch.
<p>
This batching is controlled by a sequence counter named
<tt>-&gt;expedited_sequence</tt> in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure.
This counter has an odd value when there is an expedited grace period
in progress and an even value otherwise, so that dividing the counter
value by two gives the number of completed grace periods.
During any given update request, the counter must transition from
even to odd and then back to even, thus indicating that a grace
period has elapsed.
Therefore, if the initial value of the counter is <tt>s</tt>,
the updater must wait until the counter reaches at least the
value <tt>(s+3)&amp;~0x1</tt>.
This counter is managed by the following access functions:
<ol>
<li> <tt>rcu_exp_gp_seq_start()</tt>, which marks the start of
an expedited grace period.
<li> <tt>rcu_exp_gp_seq_end()</tt>, which marks the end of an
expedited grace period.
<li> <tt>rcu_exp_gp_seq_snap()</tt>, which obtains a snapshot of
the counter.
<li> <tt>rcu_exp_gp_seq_done()</tt>, which returns <tt>true</tt>
if a full expedited grace period has elapsed since the
corresponding call to <tt>rcu_exp_gp_seq_snap()</tt>.
</ol>
<p>
Again, only one request in a given batch need actually carry out
a grace-period operation, which means there must be an efficient
way to identify which of many concurrent reqeusts will initiate
the grace period, and that there be an efficient way for the
remaining requests to wait for that grace period to complete.
However, that is the topic of the next section.
<h3><a name="Funnel Locking and Wait/Wakeup">
Funnel Locking and Wait/Wakeup</a></h3>
<p>
The natural way to sort out which of a batch of updaters will initiate
the expedited grace period is to use the <tt>rcu_node</tt> combining
tree, as implemented by the <tt>exp_funnel_lock()</tt> function.
The first updater corresponding to a given grace period arriving
at a given <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure records its desired grace-period
sequence number in the <tt>-&gt;exp_seq_rq</tt> field and moves up
to the next level in the tree.
Otherwise, if the <tt>-&gt;exp_seq_rq</tt> field already contains
the sequence number for the desired grace period or some later one,
the updater blocks on one of four wait queues in the
<tt>-&gt;exp_wq[]</tt> array, using the second-from-bottom
and third-from bottom bits as an index.
An <tt>-&gt;exp_lock</tt> field in the <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure
synchronizes access to these fields.
<p>
An empty <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree is shown in the following diagram,
with the white cells representing the <tt>-&gt;exp_seq_rq</tt> field
and the red cells representing the elements of the
<tt>-&gt;exp_wq[]</tt> array.
<p><img src="Funnel0.svg" alt="Funnel0.svg" width="75%">
<p>
The next diagram shows the situation after the arrival of Task&nbsp;A
and Task&nbsp;B at the leftmost and rightmost leaf <tt>rcu_node</tt>
structures, respectively.
The current value of the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's
<tt>-&gt;expedited_sequence</tt> field is zero, so adding three and
clearing the bottom bit results in the value two, which both tasks
record in the <tt>-&gt;exp_seq_rq</tt> field of their respective
<tt>rcu_node</tt> structures:
<p><img src="Funnel1.svg" alt="Funnel1.svg" width="75%">
<p>
Each of Tasks&nbsp;A and&nbsp;B will move up to the root
<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure.
Suppose that Task&nbsp;A wins, recording its desired grace-period sequence
number and resulting in the state shown below:
<p><img src="Funnel2.svg" alt="Funnel2.svg" width="75%">
<p>
Task&nbsp;A now advances to initiate a new grace period, while Task&nbsp;B
moves up to the root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure, and, seeing that
its desired sequence number is already recorded, blocks on
<tt>-&gt;exp_wq[1]</tt>.
<table>
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
<tr><td>
Why <tt>-&gt;exp_wq[1]</tt>?
Given that the value of these tasks' desired sequence number is
two, so shouldn't they instead block on <tt>-&gt;exp_wq[2]</tt>?
</td></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
No.
<p><font color="ffffff">
Recall that the bottom bit of the desired sequence number indicates
whether or not a grace period is currently in progress.
It is therefore necessary to shift the sequence number right one
bit position to obtain the number of the grace period.
This results in <tt>-&gt;exp_wq[1]</tt>.
</font></td></tr>
<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
<p>
If Tasks&nbsp;C and&nbsp;D also arrive at this point, they will compute the
same desired grace-period sequence number, and see that both leaf
<tt>rcu_node</tt> structures already have that value recorded.
They will therefore block on their respective <tt>rcu_node</tt>
structures' <tt>-&gt;exp_wq[1]</tt> fields, as shown below:
<p><img src="Funnel3.svg" alt="Funnel3.svg" width="75%">
<p>
Task&nbsp;A now acquires the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's
<tt>-&gt;exp_mutex</tt> and initiates the grace period, which
increments <tt>-&gt;expedited_sequence</tt>.
Therefore, if Tasks&nbsp;E and&nbsp;F arrive, they will compute
a desired sequence number of 4 and will record this value as
shown below:
<p><img src="Funnel4.svg" alt="Funnel4.svg" width="75%">
<p>
Tasks&nbsp;E and&nbsp;F will propagate up the <tt>rcu_node</tt>
combining tree, with Task&nbsp;F blocking on the root <tt>rcu_node</tt>
structure and Task&nbsp;E wait for Task&nbsp;A to finish so that
it can start the next grace period.
The resulting state is as shown below:
<p><img src="Funnel5.svg" alt="Funnel5.svg" width="75%">
<p>
Once the grace period completes, Task&nbsp;A
starts waking up the tasks waiting for this grace period to complete,
increments the <tt>-&gt;expedited_sequence</tt>,
acquires the <tt>-&gt;exp_wake_mutex</tt> and then releases the
<tt>-&gt;exp_mutex</tt>.
This results in the following state:
<p><img src="Funnel6.svg" alt="Funnel6.svg" width="75%">
<p>
Task&nbsp;E can then acquire <tt>-&gt;exp_mutex</tt> and increment
<tt>-&gt;expedited_sequence</tt> to the value three.
If new tasks&nbsp;G and&nbsp;H arrive and moves up the combining tree at the
same time, the state will be as follows:
<p><img src="Funnel7.svg" alt="Funnel7.svg" width="75%">
<p>
Note that three of the root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's
waitqueues are now occupied.
However, at some point, Task&nbsp;A will wake up the
tasks blocked on the <tt>-&gt;exp_wq</tt> waitqueues, resulting
in the following state:
<p><img src="Funnel8.svg" alt="Funnel8.svg" width="75%">
<p>
Execution will continue with Tasks&nbsp;E and&nbsp;H completing
their grace periods and carrying out their wakeups.
<table>
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
<tr><td>
What happens if Task&nbsp;A takes so long to do its wakeups
that Task&nbsp;E's grace period completes?
</td></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
Then Task&nbsp;E will block on the <tt>-&gt;exp_wake_mutex</tt>,
which will also prevent it from releasing <tt>-&gt;exp_mutex</tt>,
which in turn will prevent the next grace period from starting.
This last is important in preventing overflow of the
<tt>-&gt;exp_wq[]</tt> array.
</font></td></tr>
<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="Use of Workqueues">Use of Workqueues</a></h3>
<p>
In earlier implementations, the task requesting the expedited
grace period also drove it to completion.
This straightforward approach had the disadvantage of needing to
account for signals sent to user tasks,
so more recent implemementations use the Linux kernel's
<a href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/workqueue.txt">workqueues</a>.
<p>
The requesting task still does counter snapshotting and funnel-lock
processing, but the task reaching the top of the funnel lock
does a <tt>schedule_work()</tt> (from <tt>_synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt>
so that a workqueue kthread does the actual grace-period processing.
Because workqueue kthreads do not accept signals, grace-period-wait
processing need not allow for signals.
In addition, this approach allows wakeups for the previous expedited
grace period to be overlapped with processing for the next expedited
grace period.
Because there are only four sets of waitqueues, it is necessary to
ensure that the previous grace period's wakeups complete before the
next grace period's wakeups start.
This is handled by having the <tt>-&gt;exp_mutex</tt>
guard expedited grace-period processing and the
<tt>-&gt;exp_wake_mutex</tt> guard wakeups.
The key point is that the <tt>-&gt;exp_mutex</tt> is not released
until the first wakeup is complete, which means that the
<tt>-&gt;exp_wake_mutex</tt> has already been acquired at that point.
This approach ensures that the previous grace period's wakeups can
be carried out while the current grace period is in process, but
that these wakeups will complete before the next grace period starts.
This means that only three waitqueues are required, guaranteeing that
the four that are provided are sufficient.
<h3><a name="Stall Warnings">Stall Warnings</a></h3>
<p>
Expediting grace periods does nothing to speed things up when RCU
readers take too long, and therefore expedited grace periods check
for stalls just as normal grace periods do.
<table>
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
<tr><td>
But why not just let the normal grace-period machinery
detect the stalls, given that a given reader must block
both normal and expedited grace periods?
</td></tr>
<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
Because it is quite possible that at a given time there
is no normal grace period in progress, in which case the
normal grace period cannot emit a stall warning.
</font></td></tr>
<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</table>
The <tt>synchronize_sched_expedited_wait()</tt> function loops waiting
for the expedited grace period to end, but with a timeout set to the
current RCU CPU stall-warning time.
If this time is exceeded, any CPUs or <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures
blocking the current grace period are printed.
Each stall warning results in another pass through the loop, but the
second and subsequent passes use longer stall times.
<h3><a name="Summary">
Summary</a></h3>
<p>
Expedited grace periods use a sequence-number approach to promote
batching, so that a single grace-period operation can serve numerous
requests.
A funnel lock is used to efficiently identify the one task out of
a concurrent group that will request the grace period.
All members of the group will block on waitqueues provided in
the <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure.
The actual grace-period processing is carried out by a workqueue.
<p>
CPU-hotplug operations are noted lazily in order to prevent the need
for tight synchronization between expedited grace periods and
CPU-hotplug operations.
The dyntick-idle counters are used to avoid sending IPIs to idle CPUs,
at least in the common case.
RCU-preempt and RCU-sched use different IPI handlers and different
code to respond to the state changes carried out by those handlers,
but otherwise use common code.
<p>
Quiescent states are tracked using the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree,
and once all necessary quiescent states have been reported,
all tasks waiting on this expedited grace period are awakened.
A pair of mutexes are used to allow one grace period's wakeups
to proceed concurrently with the next grace period's processing.
<p>
This combination of mechanisms allows expedited grace periods to
run reasonably efficiently.
However, for non-time-critical tasks, normal grace periods should be
used instead because their longer duration permits much higher
degrees of batching, and thus much lower per-request overheads.
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12
Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html
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@ -1480,7 +1480,7 @@ speed-of-light delays if nothing else.
<p>
Furthermore, uncertainty about external state is inherent in many cases.
For example, a pair of veternarians might use heartbeat to determine
For example, a pair of veterinarians might use heartbeat to determine
whether or not a given cat was alive.
But how long should they wait after the last heartbeat to decide that
the cat is in fact dead?
@ -1489,9 +1489,9 @@ mean that a relaxed cat would be considered to cycle between death
and life more than 100 times per minute.
Moreover, just as with human beings, a cat's heart might stop for
some period of time, so the exact wait period is a judgment call.
One of our pair of veternarians might wait 30 seconds before pronouncing
One of our pair of veterinarians might wait 30 seconds before pronouncing
the cat dead, while the other might insist on waiting a full minute.
The two veternarians would then disagree on the state of the cat during
The two veterinarians would then disagree on the state of the cat during
the final 30 seconds of the minute following the last heartbeat.
<p>
@ -1945,7 +1945,7 @@ guard against mishaps and misuse:
<ol>
<li> It is all too easy to forget to use <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt>
everywhere that it is needed, so kernels built with
<tt>CONFIG_PROVE_RCU=y</tt> will spat if
<tt>CONFIG_PROVE_RCU=y</tt> will splat if
<tt>rcu_dereference()</tt> is used outside of an
RCU read-side critical section.
Update-side code can use <tt>rcu_dereference_protected()</tt>,
@ -2421,7 +2421,7 @@ However, there are some restrictions on the code placed within
<li> Blocking is prohibited.
In practice, this is not a serious restriction given that idle
tasks are prohibited from blocking to begin with.
<li> Although nesting <tt>RCU_NONIDLE()</tt> is permited, they cannot
<li> Although nesting <tt>RCU_NONIDLE()</tt> is permitted, they cannot
nest indefinitely deeply.
However, given that they can be nested on the order of a million
deep, even on 32-bit systems, this should not be a serious
@ -2885,7 +2885,7 @@ APIs for defining and initializing <tt>srcu_struct</tt> structures.
<h3><a name="Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a></h3>
<p>
Some forms of tracing use &ldquo;tramopolines&rdquo; to handle the
Some forms of tracing use &ldquo;trampolines&rdquo; to handle the
binary rewriting required to install different types of probes.
It would be good to be able to free old trampolines, which sounds
like a job for some form of RCU.

5
Documentation/RCU/trace.txt
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@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ o "ktl" is the low-order 16 bits (in hexadecimal) of the count of
The output of "cat rcu/rcu_preempt/rcuexp" looks as follows:
s=21872 wd1=0 wd2=0 wd3=5 n=0 enq=0 sc=21872
s=21872 wd1=0 wd2=0 wd3=5 enq=0 sc=21872
These fields are as follows:
@ -249,9 +249,6 @@ o "wd1", "wd2", and "wd3" are the number of times that an attempt
completed an expedited grace period that satisfies the attempted
request. "Our work is done."
o "n" is number of times that a concurrent CPU-hotplug operation
forced a fallback to a normal grace period.
o "enq" is the number of quiescent states still outstanding.
o "sc" is the number of times that the attempt to start a

16
Documentation/acpi/acpi-lid.txt
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@ -59,28 +59,20 @@ button driver uses the following 3 modes in order not to trigger issues.
If the userspace hasn't been prepared to ignore the unreliable "opened"
events and the unreliable initial state notification, Linux users can use
the following kernel parameters to handle the possible issues:
A. button.lid_init_state=method:
When this option is specified, the ACPI button driver reports the
initial lid state using the returning value of the _LID control method
and whether the "opened"/"closed" events are paired fully relies on the
firmware implementation.
This option can be used to fix some platforms where the returning value
of the _LID control method is reliable but the initial lid state
notification is missing.
This option is the default behavior during the period the userspace
isn't ready to handle the buggy AML tables.
B. button.lid_init_state=open:
A. button.lid_init_state=open:
When this option is specified, the ACPI button driver always reports the
initial lid state as "opened" and whether the "opened"/"closed" events
are paired fully relies on the firmware implementation.
This may fix some platforms where the returning value of the _LID
control method is not reliable and the initial lid state notification is
missing.
This option is the default behavior during the period the userspace
isn't ready to handle the buggy AML tables.
If the userspace has been prepared to ignore the unreliable "opened" events
and the unreliable initial state notification, Linux users should always
use the following kernel parameter:
C. button.lid_init_state=ignore:
B. button.lid_init_state=ignore:
When this option is specified, the ACPI button driver never reports the
initial lid state and there is a compensation mechanism implemented to
ensure that the reliable "closed" notifications can always be delievered

2
Documentation/acpi/method-customizing.txt
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@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Note: To get the ACPI debug object output (Store (AAAA, Debug)),
3. undo your changes
The "undo" operation is not supported for a new inserted method
right now, i.e. we can not remove a method currently.
For an overrided method, in order to undo your changes, please
For an overridden method, in order to undo your changes, please
save a copy of the method original ASL code in step c) section 1,
and redo step c) ~ g) to override the method with the original one.

2
Documentation/acpi/method-tracing.txt
View File

@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ tracing facility.
Users can enable/disable this debug tracing feature by executing
the following command:
# echo string > /sys/module/acpi/parameters/trace_state
Where "string" should be one of the followings:
Where "string" should be one of the following:
"disable"
Disable the method tracing feature.
"enable"

4
Documentation/admin-guide/README.rst
View File

@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ What is Linux?
loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management,
and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6.
It is distributed under the GNU General Public License - see the
It is distributed under the GNU General Public License v2 - see the
accompanying COPYING file for more details.
On what hardware does it run?
@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ Configuring the kernel
- Having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can
under some circumstances lead to problems: probing for a
nonexistent controller card may confuse your other controllers
nonexistent controller card may confuse your other controllers.
- A kernel with math-emulation compiled in will still use the
coprocessor if one is present: the math emulation will just

4
Documentation/admin-guide/dynamic-debug-howto.rst
View File

@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ Command Language Reference
At the lexical level, a command comprises a sequence of words separated
by spaces or tabs. So these are all equivalent::
nullarbor:~ # echo -c 'file svcsock.c line 1603 +p' >
nullarbor:~ # echo -n 'file svcsock.c line 1603 +p' >
<debugfs>/dynamic_debug/control
nullarbor:~ # echo -c ' file svcsock.c line 1603 +p ' >
nullarbor:~ # echo -n ' file svcsock.c line 1603 +p ' >
<debugfs>/dynamic_debug/control
nullarbor:~ # echo -n 'file svcsock.c line 1603 +p' >
<debugfs>/dynamic_debug/control

43
Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
View File

@ -549,15 +549,6 @@
loops can be debugged more effectively on production
systems.
clocksource.arm_arch_timer.fsl-a008585=
[ARM64]
Format: <bool>
Enable/disable the workaround of Freescale/NXP
erratum A-008585. This can be useful for KVM
guests, if the guest device tree doesn't show the
erratum. If unspecified, the workaround is
enabled based on the device tree.
clearcpuid=BITNUM [X86]
Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See
arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h for the valid bit
@ -966,6 +957,12 @@
serial port must already be setup and configured.
Options are not yet supported.
lantiq,<addr>
Start an early, polled-mode console on a lantiq serial
(lqasc) port at the specified address. The serial port
must already be setup and configured. Options are not
yet supported.
lpuart,<addr>
lpuart32,<addr>
Use early console provided by Freescale LP UART driver
@ -979,9 +976,10 @@
address. The serial port must already be setup
and configured. Options are not yet supported.
earlyprintk= [X86,SH,BLACKFIN,ARM,M68k]
earlyprintk= [X86,SH,BLACKFIN,ARM,M68k,S390]
earlyprintk=vga
earlyprintk=efi
earlyprintk=sclp
earlyprintk=xen
earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
earlyprintk=serial[,0x...[,baudrate]]
@ -1016,6 +1014,8 @@
The xen output can only be used by Xen PV guests.
The sclp output can only be used on s390.
edac_report= [HW,EDAC] Control how to report EDAC event
Format: {"on" | "off" | "force"}
on: enable EDAC to report H/W event. May be overridden
@ -1201,6 +1201,10 @@
When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated
debugfs files are removed at module unload time.
goldfish [X86] Enable the goldfish android emulator platform.
Don't use this when you are not running on the
android emulator
gpt [EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT. If the
primary GPT is corrupted, it enables the backup/alternate
@ -3278,6 +3282,13 @@
Lazy RCU callbacks are those which RCU can
prove do nothing more than free memory.
rcutree.rcu_kick_kthreads= [KNL]
Cause the grace-period kthread to get an extra
wake_up() if it sleeps three times longer than
it should at force-quiescent-state time.
This wake_up() will be accompanied by a
WARN_ONCE() splat and an ftrace_dump().
rcuperf.gp_exp= [KNL]
Measure performance of expedited synchronous
grace-period primitives.
@ -3563,6 +3574,10 @@
rhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
Set number of hash buckets for route cache
ring3mwait=disable
[KNL] Disable ring 3 MONITOR/MWAIT feature on supported
CPUs.
ro [KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
rodata= [KNL]
@ -3679,6 +3694,14 @@
last alloc / free. For more information see
Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
slub_memcg_sysfs= [MM, SLUB]
Determines whether to enable sysfs directories for
memory cgroup sub-caches. 1 to enable, 0 to disable.
The default is determined by CONFIG_SLUB_MEMCG_SYSFS_ON.
Enabling this can lead to a very high number of debug
directories and files being created under
/sys/kernel/slub.
slub_max_order= [MM, SLUB]
Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory

5
Documentation/admin-guide/md.rst
View File

@ -725,3 +725,8 @@ These currently include:
to 1. Setting this to 0 disables bypass accounting and
requires preread stripes to wait until all full-width stripe-
writes are complete. Valid values are 0 to stripe_cache_size.
journal_mode (currently raid5 only)
The cache mode for raid5. raid5 could include an extra disk for
caching. The mode can be "write-throuth" and "write-back". The
default is "write-through".

22
Documentation/admin-guide/ras.rst
View File

@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ That defines some categories of errors:
still run, eventually replacing the affected hardware by a hot spare,
if available.
Also, when an error happens on an userspace process, it is also possible to
Also, when an error happens on a userspace process, it is also possible to
kill such process and let userspace restart it.
The mechanism for handling non-fatal errors is usually complex and may
@ -438,11 +438,13 @@ A typical EDAC system has the following structure under
│   │   ├── ce_count
│   │   ├── ce_noinfo_count
│   │   ├── dimm0
│   │   │   ├── dimm_ce_count
│   │   │   ├── dimm_dev_type
│   │   │   ├── dimm_edac_mode
│   │   │   ├── dimm_label
│   │   │   ├── dimm_location
│   │   │   ├── dimm_mem_type
│   │   │   ├── dimm_ue_count
│   │   │   ├── size
│   │   │   └── uevent
│   │   ├── max_location
@ -457,11 +459,13 @@ A typical EDAC system has the following structure under
│   │   ├── ce_count
│   │   ├── ce_noinfo_count
│   │   ├── dimm0
│   │   │   ├── dimm_ce_count
│   │   │   ├── dimm_dev_type
│   │   │   ├── dimm_edac_mode
│   │   │   ├── dimm_label
│   │   │   ├── dimm_location
│   │   │   ├── dimm_mem_type
│   │   │   ├── dimm_ue_count
│   │   │   ├── size
│   │   │   └── uevent
│   │   ├── max_location
@ -483,6 +487,22 @@ this ``X`` memory module:
This attribute file displays, in count of megabytes, the memory
that this csrow contains.
- ``dimm_ue_count`` - Uncorrectable Errors count attribute file
This attribute file displays the total count of uncorrectable
errors that have occurred on this DIMM. If panic_on_ue is set
this counter will not have a chance to increment, since EDAC
will panic the system.
- ``dimm_ce_count`` - Correctable Errors count attribute file
This attribute file displays the total count of correctable
errors that have occurred on this DIMM. This count is very
important to examine. CEs provide early indications that a
DIMM is beginning to fail. This count field should be
monitored for non-zero values and report such information
to the system administrator.
- ``dimm_dev_type`` - Device type attribute file
This attribute file will display what type of DRAM device is

39
Documentation/admin-guide/security-bugs.rst
View File

@ -14,14 +14,17 @@ Contact
The Linux kernel security team can be contacted by email at
<security@kernel.org>. This is a private list of security officers
who will help verify the bug report and develop and release a fix.
It is possible that the security team will bring in extra help from
area maintainers to understand and fix the security vulnerability.
If you already have a fix, please include it with your report, as
that can speed up the process considerably. It is possible that the
security team will bring in extra help from area maintainers to
understand and fix the security vulnerability.
As it is with any bug, the more information provided the easier it
will be to diagnose and fix. Please review the procedure outlined in
admin-guide/reporting-bugs.rst if you are unclear about what information is helpful.
Any exploit code is very helpful and will not be released without
consent from the reporter unless it has already been made public.
admin-guide/reporting-bugs.rst if you are unclear about what
information is helpful. Any exploit code is very helpful and will not
be released without consent from the reporter unless it has already been
made public.
Disclosure
----------
@ -39,6 +42,32 @@ disclosure is from immediate (esp. if it's already publicly known)
to a few weeks. As a basic default policy, we expect report date to
disclosure date to be on the order of 7 days.
Coordination
------------
Fixes for sensitive bugs, such as those that might lead to privilege
escalations, may need to be coordinated with the private
<linux-distros@vs.openwall.org> mailing list so that distribution vendors
are well prepared to issue a fixed kernel upon public disclosure of the
upstream fix. Distros will need some time to test the proposed patch and
will generally request at least a few days of embargo, and vendor update
publication prefers to happen Tuesday through Thursday. When appropriate,
the security team can assist with this coordination, or the reporter can
include linux-distros from the start. In this case, remember to prefix
the email Subject line with "[vs]" as described in the linux-distros wiki:
<http://oss-security.openwall.org/wiki/mailing-lists/distros#how-to-use-the-lists>
CVE assignment
--------------
The security team does not normally assign CVEs, nor do we require them
for reports or fixes, as this can needlessly complicate the process and
may delay the bug handling. If a reporter wishes to have a CVE identifier
assigned ahead of public disclosure, they will need to contact the private
linux-distros list, described above. When such a CVE identifier is known
before a patch is provided, it is desirable to mention it in the commit
message, though.
Non-disclosure agreements
-------------------------

8
Documentation/arm/sunxi/README
View File

@ -63,10 +63,18 @@ SunXi family
+ User Manual
http://dl.linux-sunxi.org/A33/A33%20user%20manual%20release%201.1.pdf
- Allwinner H2+ (sun8i)
+ No document available now, but is known to be working properly with
H3 drivers and memory map.
- Allwinner H3 (sun8i)
+ Datasheet
http://dl.linux-sunxi.org/H3/Allwinner_H3_Datasheet_V1.0.pdf
- Allwinner V3s (sun8i)
+ Datasheet
http://linux-sunxi.org/File:Allwinner_V3s_Datasheet_V1.0.pdf
* Quad ARM Cortex-A15, Quad ARM Cortex-A7 based SoCs
- Allwinner A80
+ Datasheet

240
Documentation/arm64/cpu-feature-registers.txt 100644
View File

@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
ARM64 CPU Feature Registers
===========================
Author: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
This file describes the ABI for exporting the AArch64 CPU ID/feature
registers to userspace. The availability of this ABI is advertised
via the HWCAP_CPUID in HWCAPs.
1. Motivation
---------------
The ARM architecture defines a set of feature registers, which describe
the capabilities of the CPU/system. Access to these system registers is
restricted from EL0 and there is no reliable way for an application to
extract this information to make better decisions at runtime. There is
limited information available to the application via HWCAPs, however
there are some issues with their usage.
a) Any change to the HWCAPs requires an update to userspace (e.g libc)
to detect the new changes, which can take a long time to appear in
distributions. Exposing the registers allows applications to get the
information without requiring updates to the toolchains.
b) Access to HWCAPs is sometimes limited (e.g prior to libc, or
when ld is initialised at startup time).
c) HWCAPs cannot represent non-boolean information effectively. The
architecture defines a canonical format for representing features
in the ID registers; this is well defined and is capable of
representing all valid architecture variations.
2. Requirements
-----------------
a) Safety :
Applications should be able to use the information provided by the
infrastructure to run safely across the system. This has greater
implications on a system with heterogeneous CPUs.
The infrastructure exports a value that is safe across all the
available CPU on the system.
e.g, If at least one CPU doesn't implement CRC32 instructions, while
others do, we should report that the CRC32 is not implemented.
Otherwise an application could crash when scheduled on the CPU
which doesn't support CRC32.
b) Security :
Applications should only be able to receive information that is
relevant to the normal operation in userspace. Hence, some of the
fields are masked out(i.e, made invisible) and their values are set to
indicate the feature is 'not supported'. See Section 4 for the list
of visible features. Also, the kernel may manipulate the fields
based on what it supports. e.g, If FP is not supported by the
kernel, the values could indicate that the FP is not available
(even when the CPU provides it).
c) Implementation Defined Features
The infrastructure doesn't expose any register which is
IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED as per ARMv8-A Architecture.
d) CPU Identification :
MIDR_EL1 is exposed to help identify the processor. On a
heterogeneous system, this could be racy (just like getcpu()). The
process could be migrated to another CPU by the time it uses the
register value, unless the CPU affinity is set. Hence, there is no
guarantee that the value reflects the processor that it is
currently executing on. The REVIDR is not exposed due to this
constraint, as REVIDR makes sense only in conjunction with the
MIDR. Alternately, MIDR_EL1 and REVIDR_EL1 are exposed via sysfs
at:
/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu$ID/regs/identification/
\- midr
\- revidr
3. Implementation
--------------------
The infrastructure is built on the emulation of the 'MRS' instruction.
Accessing a restricted system register from an application generates an
exception and ends up in SIGILL being delivered to the process.
The infrastructure hooks into the exception handler and emulates the
operation if the source belongs to the supported system register space.
The infrastructure emulates only the following system register space:
Op0=3, Op1=0, CRn=0, CRm=0,4,5,6,7
(See Table C5-6 'System instruction encodings for non-Debug System
register accesses' in ARMv8 ARM DDI 0487A.h, for the list of
registers).
The following rules are applied to the value returned by the
infrastructure:
a) The value of an 'IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED' field is set to 0.
b) The value of a reserved field is populated with the reserved
value as defined by the architecture.
c) The value of a 'visible' field holds the system wide safe value
for the particular feature (except for MIDR_EL1, see section 4).
d) All other fields (i.e, invisible fields) are set to indicate
the feature is missing (as defined by the architecture).
4. List of registers with visible features
-------------------------------------------
1) ID_AA64ISAR0_EL1 - Instruction Set Attribute Register 0
x--------------------------------------------------x
| Name | bits | visible |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| RES0 | [63-32] | n |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| RDM | [31-28] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| ATOMICS | [23-20] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| CRC32 | [19-16] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| SHA2 | [15-12] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| SHA1 | [11-8] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| AES | [7-4] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| RES0 | [3-0] | n |
x--------------------------------------------------x
2) ID_AA64PFR0_EL1 - Processor Feature Register 0
x--------------------------------------------------x
| Name | bits | visible |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| RES0 | [63-28] | n |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| GIC | [27-24] | n |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| AdvSIMD | [23-20] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| FP | [19-16] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| EL3 | [15-12] | n |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| EL2 | [11-8] | n |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| EL1 | [7-4] | n |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| EL0 | [3-0] | n |
x--------------------------------------------------x
3) MIDR_EL1 - Main ID Register
x--------------------------------------------------x
| Name | bits | visible |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| Implementer | [31-24] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| Variant | [23-20] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| Architecture | [19-16] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| PartNum | [15-4] | y |
|--------------------------------------------------|
| Revision | [3-0] | y |
x--------------------------------------------------x
NOTE: The 'visible' fields of MIDR_EL1 will contain the value
as available on the CPU where it is fetched and is not a system
wide safe value.
Appendix I: Example
---------------------------
/*
* Sample program to demonstrate the MRS emulation ABI.
*
* Copyright (C) 2015-2016, ARM Ltd
*
* Author: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*/
#include <asm/hwcap.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/auxv.h>
#define get_cpu_ftr(id) ({ \
unsigned long __val; \
asm("mrs %0, "#id : "=r" (__val)); \
printf("%-20s: 0x%016lx\n", #id, __val); \
})
int main(void)
{
if (!(getauxval(AT_HWCAP) & HWCAP_CPUID)) {
fputs("CPUID registers unavailable\n", stderr);
return 1;
}
get_cpu_ftr(ID_AA64ISAR0_EL1);
get_cpu_ftr(ID_AA64ISAR1_EL1);
get_cpu_ftr(ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1);
get_cpu_ftr(ID_AA64MMFR1_EL1);
get_cpu_ftr(ID_AA64PFR0_EL1);
get_cpu_ftr(ID_AA64PFR1_EL1);
get_cpu_ftr(ID_AA64DFR0_EL1);
get_cpu_ftr(ID_AA64DFR1_EL1);
get_cpu_ftr(MIDR_EL1);
get_cpu_ftr(MPIDR_EL1);
get_cpu_ftr(REVIDR_EL1);
#if 0
/* Unexposed register access causes SIGILL */
get_cpu_ftr(ID_MMFR0_EL1);
#endif
return 0;
}

47
Documentation/arm64/silicon-errata.txt
View File

@ -42,24 +42,29 @@ file acts as a registry of software workarounds in the Linux Kernel and
will be updated when new workarounds are committed and backported to
stable kernels.
| Implementor | Component | Erratum ID | Kconfig |
+----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-------------------------+
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #826319 | ARM64_ERRATUM_826319 |
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #827319 | ARM64_ERRATUM_827319 |
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #824069 | ARM64_ERRATUM_824069 |
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #819472 | ARM64_ERRATUM_819472 |
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #845719 | ARM64_ERRATUM_845719 |
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #843419 | ARM64_ERRATUM_843419 |
| ARM | Cortex-A57 | #832075 | ARM64_ERRATUM_832075 |
| ARM | Cortex-A57 | #852523 | N/A |
| ARM | Cortex-A57 | #834220 | ARM64_ERRATUM_834220 |
| ARM | Cortex-A72 | #853709 | N/A |
| ARM | MMU-500 | #841119,#826419 | N/A |
| | | | |
| Cavium | ThunderX ITS | #22375, #24313 | CAVIUM_ERRATUM_22375 |
| Cavium | ThunderX ITS | #23144 | CAVIUM_ERRATUM_23144 |
| Cavium | ThunderX GICv3 | #23154 | CAVIUM_ERRATUM_23154 |
| Cavium | ThunderX Core | #27456 | CAVIUM_ERRATUM_27456 |
| Cavium | ThunderX SMMUv2 | #27704 | N/A |
| | | | |
| Freescale/NXP | LS2080A/LS1043A | A-008585 | FSL_ERRATUM_A008585 |
| Implementor | Component | Erratum ID | Kconfig |
+----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------------------+
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #826319 | ARM64_ERRATUM_826319 |
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #827319 | ARM64_ERRATUM_827319 |
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #824069 | ARM64_ERRATUM_824069 |
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #819472 | ARM64_ERRATUM_819472 |
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #845719 | ARM64_ERRATUM_845719 |
| ARM | Cortex-A53 | #843419 | ARM64_ERRATUM_843419 |
| ARM | Cortex-A57 | #832075 | ARM64_ERRATUM_832075 |
| ARM | Cortex-A57 | #852523 | N/A |
| ARM | Cortex-A57 | #834220 | ARM64_ERRATUM_834220 |
| ARM | Cortex-A72 | #853709 | N/A |
| ARM | MMU-500 | #841119,#826419 | N/A |
| | | | |
| Cavium | ThunderX ITS | #22375, #24313 | CAVIUM_ERRATUM_22375 |
| Cavium | ThunderX ITS | #23144 | CAVIUM_ERRATUM_23144 |
| Cavium | ThunderX GICv3 | #23154 | CAVIUM_ERRATUM_23154 |
| Cavium | ThunderX Core | #27456 | CAVIUM_ERRATUM_27456 |
| Cavium | ThunderX SMMUv2 | #27704 | N/A |
| | | | |
| Freescale/NXP | LS2080A/LS1043A | A-008585 | FSL_ERRATUM_A008585 |
| | | | |
| Hisilicon | Hip0{5,6,7} | #161010101 | HISILICON_ERRATUM_161010101 |
| | | | |
| Qualcomm Tech. | Falkor v1 | E1003 | QCOM_FALKOR_ERRATUM_1003 |
| Qualcomm Tech. | Falkor v1 | E1009 | QCOM_FALKOR_ERRATUM_1009 |

2
Documentation/block/pr.txt
View File

@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ and thus removes any access restriction implied by it.
4. IOC_PR_PREEMPT
This ioctl command releases the existing reservation referred to by
old_key and replaces it with a a new reservation of type for the
old_key and replaces it with a new reservation of type for the
reservation key new_key.

2
Documentation/blockdev/mflash.txt
View File

@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ driver and currently works well under standard IDE subsystem. Actually it's
one chip SSD. IO mode is ATA-like custom mode for the host that doesn't have
IDE interface.
Followings are brief descriptions about IO mode.
Following are brief descriptions about IO mode.
A. IO mode based on ATA protocol and uses some custom command. (read confirm,
write confirm)
B. IO mode uses SRAM bus interface.

74
Documentation/blockdev/zram.txt
View File

@ -161,42 +161,14 @@ Name access description
disksize RW show and set the device's disk size
initstate RO shows the initialization state of the device
reset WO trigger device reset
num_reads RO the number of reads
failed_reads RO the number of failed reads
num_write RO the number of writes
failed_writes RO the number of failed writes
invalid_io RO the number of non-page-size-aligned I/O requests
mem_used_max WO reset the `mem_used_max' counter (see later)
mem_limit WO specifies the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can use
to store the compressed data
max_comp_streams RW the number of possible concurrent compress operations
comp_algorithm RW show and change the compression algorithm
notify_free RO the number of notifications to free pages (either
slot free notifications or REQ_DISCARD requests)
zero_pages RO the number of zero filled pages written to this disk
orig_data_size RO uncompressed size of data stored in this disk
compr_data_size RO compressed size of data stored in this disk
mem_used_total RO the amount of memory allocated for this disk
mem_used_max RW the maximum amount of memory zram have consumed to
store the data (to reset this counter to the actual
current value, write 1 to this attribute)
mem_limit RW the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can use to store
the compressed data
pages_compacted RO the number of pages freed during compaction
(available only via zram<id>/mm_stat node)
compact WO trigger memory compaction
debug_stat RO this file is used for zram debugging purposes
WARNING
=======
per-stat sysfs attributes are considered to be deprecated.
The basic strategy is:
-- the existing RW nodes will be downgraded to WO nodes (in linux 4.11)
-- deprecated RO sysfs nodes will eventually be removed (in linux 4.11)
The list of deprecated attributes can be found here:
Documentation/ABI/obsolete/sysfs-block-zram
Basically, every attribute that has its own read accessible sysfs node
(e.g. num_reads) *AND* is accessible via one of the stat files (zram<id>/stat
or zram<id>/io_stat or zram<id>/mm_stat) is considered to be deprecated.
User space is advised to use the following files to read the device statistics.
@ -211,22 +183,40 @@ The stat file represents device's I/O statistics not accounted by block
layer and, thus, not available in zram<id>/stat file. It consists of a
single line of text and contains the following stats separated by
whitespace:
failed_reads
failed_writes
invalid_io
notify_free
failed_reads the number of failed reads
failed_writes the number of failed writes
invalid_io the number of non-page-size-aligned I/O requests
notify_free Depending on device usage scenario it may account
a) the number of pages freed because of swap slot free
notifications or b) the number of pages freed because of
REQ_DISCARD requests sent by bio. The former ones are
sent to a swap block device when a swap slot is freed,
which implies that this disk is being used as a swap disk.
The latter ones are sent by filesystem mounted with
discard option, whenever some data blocks are getting
discarded.
File /sys/block/zram<id>/mm_stat
The stat file represents device's mm statistics. It consists of a single
line of text and contains the following stats separated by whitespace:
orig_data_size
compr_data_size
mem_used_total
mem_limit
mem_used_max
zero_pages
num_migrated
orig_data_size uncompressed size of data stored in this disk.
This excludes same-element-filled pages (same_pages) since
no memory is allocated for them.
Unit: bytes
compr_data_size compressed size of data stored in this disk
mem_used_total the amount of memory allocated for this disk. This
includes allocator fragmentation and metadata overhead,
allocated for this disk. So, allocator space efficiency
can be calculated using compr_data_size and this statistic.
Unit: bytes
mem_limit the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can use to store
the compressed data
mem_used_max the maximum amount of memory zram have consumed to
store the data
same_pages the number of same element filled pages written to this disk.
No memory is allocated for such pages.
pages_compacted the number of pages freed during compaction
9) Deactivate:
swapoff /dev/zram0

9
Documentation/cdrom/cdrom-standard.tex
View File

@ -249,7 +249,6 @@ struct& cdrom_device_ops\ \{ \hidewidth\cr
unsigned\ long);\cr
\noalign{\medskip}
&const\ int& capability;& capability flags \cr
&int& n_minors;& number of active minor devices \cr
\};\cr
}
$$
@ -258,13 +257,7 @@ it should add a function pointer to this $struct$. When a particular
function is not implemented, however, this $struct$ should contain a
NULL instead. The $capability$ flags specify the capabilities of the
\cdrom\ hardware and/or low-level \cdrom\ driver when a \cdrom\ drive
is registered with the \UCD. The value $n_minors$ should be a positive
value indicating the number of minor devices that are supported by
the low-level device driver, normally~1. Although these two variables
are `informative' rather than `operational,' they are included in
$cdrom_device_ops$ because they describe the capability of the {\em
driver\/} rather than the {\em drive}. Nomenclature has always been
difficult in computer programming.
is registered with the \UCD.
Note that most functions have fewer parameters than their
$blkdev_fops$ counterparts. This is because very little of the

2
Documentation/cgroup-v1/cpusets.txt
View File

@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ to allocate a page of memory for that task.
If a cpuset has its 'cpuset.cpus' modified, then each task in that cpuset
will have its allowed CPU placement changed immediately. Similarly,
if a task's pid is written to another cpusets 'cpuset.tasks' file, then its
if a task's pid is written to another cpuset's 'tasks' file, then its
allowed CPU placement is changed immediately. If such a task had been
bound to some subset of its cpuset using the sched_setaffinity() call,
the task will be allowed to run on any CPU allowed in its new cpuset,

109
Documentation/cgroup-v1/rdma.txt 100644
View File

@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
RDMA Controller
----------------
Contents
--------
1. Overview
1-1. What is RDMA controller?
1-2. Why RDMA controller needed?
1-3. How is RDMA controller implemented?
2. Usage Examples
1. Overview
1-1. What is RDMA controller?
-----------------------------
RDMA controller allows user to limit RDMA/IB specific resources that a given
set of processes can use. These processes are grouped using RDMA controller.
RDMA controller defines two resources which can be limited for processes of a
cgroup.
1-2. Why RDMA controller needed?
--------------------------------
Currently user space applications can easily take away all the rdma verb
specific resources such as AH, CQ, QP, MR etc. Due to which other applications
in other cgroup or kernel space ULPs may not even get chance to allocate any
rdma resources. This can leads to service unavailability.
Therefore RDMA controller is needed through which resource consumption
of processes can be limited. Through this controller different rdma
resources can be accounted.
1-3. How is RDMA controller implemented?
----------------------------------------
RDMA cgroup allows limit configuration of resources. Rdma cgroup maintains
resource accounting per cgroup, per device using resource pool structure.
Each such resource pool is limited up to 64 resources in given resource pool
by rdma cgroup, which can be extended later if required.
This resource pool object is linked to the cgroup css. Typically there
are 0 to 4 resource pool instances per cgroup, per device in most use cases.
But nothing limits to have it more. At present hundreds of RDMA devices per
single cgroup may not be handled optimally, however there is no
known use case or requirement for such configuration either.
Since RDMA resources can be allocated from any process and can be freed by any
of the child processes which shares the address space, rdma resources are
always owned by the creator cgroup css. This allows process migration from one
to other cgroup without major complexity of transferring resource ownership;
because such ownership is not really present due to shared nature of
rdma resources. Linking resources around css also ensures that cgroups can be
deleted after processes migrated. This allow progress migration as well with
active resources, even though that is not a primary use case.
Whenever RDMA resource charging occurs, owner rdma cgroup is returned to
the caller. Same rdma cgroup should be passed while uncharging the resource.
This also allows process migrated with active RDMA resource to charge
to new owner cgroup for new resource. It also allows to uncharge resource of
a process from previously charged cgroup which is migrated to new cgroup,
even though that is not a primary use case.
Resource pool object is created in following situations.
(a) User sets the limit and no previous resource pool exist for the device
of interest for the cgroup.
(b) No resource limits were configured, but IB/RDMA stack tries to
charge the resource. So that it correctly uncharge them when applications are
running without limits and later on when limits are enforced during uncharging,
otherwise usage count will drop to negative.
Resource pool is destroyed if all the resource limits are set to max and
it is the last resource getting deallocated.
User should set all the limit to max value if it intents to remove/unconfigure
the resource pool for a particular device.
IB stack honors limits enforced by the rdma controller. When application
query about maximum resource limits of IB device, it returns minimum of
what is configured by user for a given cgroup and what is supported by
IB device.
Following resources can be accounted by rdma controller.
hca_handle Maximum number of HCA Handles
hca_object Maximum number of HCA Objects
2. Usage Examples
-----------------
(a) Configure resource limit:
echo mlx4_0 hca_handle=2 hca_object=2000 > /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma/1/rdma.max
echo ocrdma1 hca_handle=3 > /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma/2/rdma.max
(b) Query resource limit:
cat /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma/2/rdma.max
#Output:
mlx4_0 hca_handle=2 hca_object=2000
ocrdma1 hca_handle=3 hca_object=max
(c) Query current usage:
cat /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma/2/rdma.current
#Output:
mlx4_0 hca_handle=1 hca_object=20
ocrdma1 hca_handle=1 hca_object=23
(d) Delete resource limit:
echo echo mlx4_0 hca_handle=max hca_object=max > /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma/1/rdma.max

103
Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt
View File

@ -47,6 +47,12 @@ CONTENTS
5-3. IO
5-3-1. IO Interface Files
5-3-2. Writeback
5-4. PID
5-4-1. PID Interface Files
5-5. RDMA
5-5-1. RDMA Interface Files
5-6. Misc
5-6-1. perf_event
6. Namespace
6-1. Basics
6-2. The Root and Views
@ -328,14 +334,12 @@ a process with a non-root euid to migrate a target process into a
cgroup by writing its PID to the "cgroup.procs" file, the following
conditions must be met.
- The writer's euid must match either uid or suid of the target process.
- The writer must have write access to the "cgroup.procs" file.
- The writer must have write access to the "cgroup.procs" file of the
common ancestor of the source and destination cgroups.
The above three constraints ensure that while a delegatee may migrate
The above two constraints ensure that while a delegatee may migrate
processes around freely in the delegated sub-hierarchy it can't pull
in from or push out to outside the sub-hierarchy.
@ -350,10 +354,10 @@ all processes under C0 and C1 belong to U0.
Let's also say U0 wants to write the PID of a process which is
currently in C10 into "C00/cgroup.procs". U0 has write access to the
file and uid match on the process; however, the common ancestor of the
source cgroup C10 and the destination cgroup C00 is above the points
of delegation and U0 would not have write access to its "cgroup.procs"
files and thus the write will be denied with -EACCES.
file; however, the common ancestor of the source cgroup C10 and the
destination cgroup C00 is above the points of delegation and U0 would
not have write access to its "cgroup.procs" files and thus the write
will be denied with -EACCES.
2-6. Guidelines
@ -1119,6 +1123,91 @@ writeback as follows.
vm.dirty[_background]_ratio.
5-4. PID
The process number controller is used to allow a cgroup to stop any
new tasks from being fork()'d or clone()'d after a specified limit is
reached.
The number of tasks in a cgroup can be exhausted in ways which other
controllers cannot prevent, thus warranting its own controller. For
example, a fork bomb is likely to exhaust the number of tasks before
hitting memory restrictions.
Note that PIDs used in this controller refer to TIDs, process IDs as
used by the kernel.
5-4-1. PID Interface Files
pids.max
A read-write single value file which exists on non-root cgroups. The
default is "max".
Hard limit of number of processes.
pids.current
A read-only single value file which exists on all cgroups.
The number of processes currently in the cgroup and its descendants.
Organisational operations are not blocked by cgroup policies, so it is
possible to have pids.current > pids.max. This can be done by either
setting the limit to be smaller than pids.current, or attaching enough
processes to the cgroup such that pids.current is larger than
pids.max. However, it is not possible to violate a cgroup PID policy
through fork() or clone(). These will return -EAGAIN if the creation
of a new process would cause a cgroup policy to be violated.
5-5. RDMA
The "rdma" controller regulates the distribution and accounting of
of RDMA resources.
5-5-1. RDMA Interface Files
rdma.max
A readwrite nested-keyed file that exists for all the cgroups
except root that describes current configured resource limit
for a RDMA/IB device.
Lines are keyed by device name and are not ordered.
Each line contains space separated resource name and its configured
limit that can be distributed.
The following nested keys are defined.
hca_handle Maximum number of HCA Handles
hca_object Maximum number of HCA Objects
An example for mlx4 and ocrdma device follows.
mlx4_0 hca_handle=2 hca_object=2000
ocrdma1 hca_handle=3 hca_object=max
rdma.current
A read-only file that describes current resource usage.
It exists for all the cgroup except root.
An example for mlx4 and ocrdma device follows.
mlx4_0 hca_handle=1 hca_object=20
ocrdma1 hca_handle=1 hca_object=23
5-6. Misc
5-6-1. perf_event
perf_event controller, if not mounted on a legacy hierarchy, is
automatically enabled on the v2 hierarchy so that perf events can
always be filtered by cgroup v2 path. The controller can still be
moved to a legacy hierarchy after v2 hierarchy is populated.
6. Namespace
6-1. Basics

6
Documentation/conf.py
View File

@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ from load_config import loadConfig
# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
# ones.
extensions = ['kerneldoc', 'rstFlatTable', 'kernel_include', 'cdomain']
extensions = ['kerneldoc', 'rstFlatTable', 'kernel_include', 'cdomain', 'kfigure']
# The name of the math extension changed on Sphinx 1.4
if major == 1 and minor > 3:
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ master_doc = 'index'
# General information about the project.
project = 'The Linux Kernel'
copyright = '2016, The kernel development community'
copyright = 'The kernel development community'
author = 'The kernel development community'
# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ pygments_style = 'sphinx'
# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
todo_include_todos = False
primary_domain = 'C'
primary_domain = 'c'
highlight_language = 'none'
# -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------

372
Documentation/core-api/cpu_hotplug.rst 100644
View File

@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
=========================
CPU hotplug in the Kernel
=========================
:Date: December, 2016
:Author: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>,
Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>,
Srivatsa Vaddagiri <vatsa@in.ibm.com>,
Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>,
Joel Schopp <jschopp@austin.ibm.com>
Introduction
============
Modern advances in system architectures have introduced advanced error
reporting and correction capabilities in processors. There are couple OEMS that
support NUMA hardware which are hot pluggable as well, where physical node
insertion and removal require support for CPU hotplug.
Such advances require CPUs available to a kernel to be removed either for
provisioning reasons, or for RAS purposes to keep an offending CPU off
system execution path. Hence the need for CPU hotplug support in the
Linux kernel.
A more novel use of CPU-hotplug support is its use today in suspend resume
support for SMP. Dual-core and HT support makes even a laptop run SMP kernels
which didn't support these methods.
Command Line Switches
=====================
``maxcpus=n``
Restrict boot time CPUs to *n*. Say if you have fourV CPUs, using
``maxcpus=2`` will only boot two. You can choose to bring the
other CPUs later online.
``nr_cpus=n``
Restrict the total amount CPUs the kernel will support. If the number
supplied here is lower than the number of physically available CPUs than
those CPUs can not be brought online later.
``additional_cpus=n``
Use this to limit hotpluggable CPUs. This option sets
``cpu_possible_mask = cpu_present_mask + additional_cpus``
This option is limited to the IA64 architecture.
``possible_cpus=n``
This option sets ``possible_cpus`` bits in ``cpu_possible_mask``.
This option is limited to the X86 and S390 architecture.
``cede_offline={"off","on"}``
Use this option to disable/enable putting offlined processors to an extended
``H_CEDE`` state on supported pseries platforms. If nothing is specified,
``cede_offline`` is set to "on".
This option is limited to the PowerPC architecture.
``cpu0_hotplug``
Allow to shutdown CPU0.
This option is limited to the X86 architecture.
CPU maps
========
``cpu_possible_mask``
Bitmap of possible CPUs that can ever be available in the
system. This is used to allocate some boot time memory for per_cpu variables
that aren't designed to grow/shrink as CPUs are made available or removed.
Once set during boot time discovery phase, the map is static, i.e no bits
are added or removed anytime. Trimming it accurately for your system needs
upfront can save some boot time memory.
``cpu_online_mask``
Bitmap of all CPUs currently online. Its set in ``__cpu_up()``
after a CPU is available for kernel scheduling and ready to receive
interrupts from devices. Its cleared when a CPU is brought down using
``__cpu_disable()``, before which all OS services including interrupts are
migrated to another target CPU.
``cpu_present_mask``
Bitmap of CPUs currently present in the system. Not all
of them may be online. When physical hotplug is processed by the relevant
subsystem (e.g ACPI) can change and new bit either be added or removed
from the map depending on the event is hot-add/hot-remove. There are currently
no locking rules as of now. Typical usage is to init topology during boot,
at which time hotplug is disabled.
You really don't need to manipulate any of the system CPU maps. They should
be read-only for most use. When setting up per-cpu resources almost always use
``cpu_possible_mask`` or ``for_each_possible_cpu()`` to iterate. To macro
``for_each_cpu()`` can be used to iterate over a custom CPU mask.
Never use anything other than ``cpumask_t`` to represent bitmap of CPUs.
Using CPU hotplug
=================
The kernel option *CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU* needs to be enabled. It is currently
available on multiple architectures including ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and X86. The
configuration is done via the sysfs interface: ::
$ ls -lh /sys/devices/system/cpu
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu0
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu1
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu2
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu3
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu4
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu5
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu6
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 0 Dec 21 16:33 cpu7
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Dec 21 16:33 hotplug
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4.0K Dec 21 16:33 offline
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4.0K Dec 21 16:33 online
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4.0K Dec 21 16:33 possible
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4.0K Dec 21 16:33 present
The files *offline*, *online*, *possible*, *present* represent the CPU masks.
Each CPU folder contains an *online* file which controls the logical on (1) and
off (0) state. To logically shutdown CPU4: ::
$ echo 0 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/online
smpboot: CPU 4 is now offline
Once the CPU is shutdown, it will be removed from */proc/interrupts*,
*/proc/cpuinfo* and should also not be shown visible by the *top* command. To
bring CPU4 back online: ::
$ echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/online
smpboot: Booting Node 0 Processor 4 APIC 0x1
The CPU is usable again. This should work on all CPUs. CPU0 is often special
and excluded from CPU hotplug. On X86 the kernel option
*CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0* has to be enabled in order to be able to
shutdown CPU0. Alternatively the kernel command option *cpu0_hotplug* can be
used. Some known dependencies of CPU0:
* Resume from hibernate/suspend. Hibernate/suspend will fail if CPU0 is offline.
* PIC interrupts. CPU0 can't be removed if a PIC interrupt is detected.
Please let Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com> know if you find any dependencies
on CPU0.
The CPU hotplug coordination
============================
The offline case
----------------
Once a CPU has been logically shutdown the teardown callbacks of registered
hotplug states will be invoked, starting with ``CPUHP_ONLINE`` and terminating
at state ``CPUHP_OFFLINE``. This includes:
* If tasks are frozen due to a suspend operation then *cpuhp_tasks_frozen*
will be set to true.
* All processes are migrated away from this outgoing CPU to new CPUs.
The new CPU is chosen from each process' current cpuset, which may be
a subset of all online CPUs.
* All interrupts targeted to this CPU are migrated to a new CPU
* timers are also migrated to a new CPU
* Once all services are migrated, kernel calls an arch specific routine
``__cpu_disable()`` to perform arch specific cleanup.
Using the hotplug API
---------------------
It is possible to receive notifications once a CPU is offline or onlined. This
might be important to certain drivers which need to perform some kind of setup
or clean up functions based on the number of available CPUs: ::
#include <linux/cpuhotplug.h>
ret = cpuhp_setup_state(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN, "X/Y:online",
Y_online, Y_prepare_down);
*X* is the subsystem and *Y* the particular driver. The *Y_online* callback
will be invoked during registration on all online CPUs. If an error
occurs during the online callback the *Y_prepare_down* callback will be
invoked on all CPUs on which the online callback was previously invoked.
After registration completed, the *Y_online* callback will be invoked
once a CPU is brought online and *Y_prepare_down* will be invoked when a
CPU is shutdown. All resources which were previously allocated in
*Y_online* should be released in *Y_prepare_down*.
The return value *ret* is negative if an error occurred during the
registration process. Otherwise a positive value is returned which
contains the allocated hotplug for dynamically allocated states
(*CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN*). It will return zero for predefined states.
The callback can be remove by invoking ``cpuhp_remove_state()``. In case of a
dynamically allocated state (*CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN*) use the returned state.
During the removal of a hotplug state the teardown callback will be invoked.
Multiple instances
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If a driver has multiple instances and each instance needs to perform the
callback independently then it is likely that a ''multi-state'' should be used.
First a multi-state state needs to be registered: ::
ret = cpuhp_setup_state_multi(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN, "X/Y:online,
Y_online, Y_prepare_down);
Y_hp_online = ret;
The ``cpuhp_setup_state_multi()`` behaves similar to ``cpuhp_setup_state()``
except it prepares the callbacks for a multi state and does not invoke
the callbacks. This is a one time setup.
Once a new instance is allocated, you need to register this new instance: ::
ret = cpuhp_state_add_instance(Y_hp_online, &d->node);
This function will add this instance to your previously allocated
*Y_hp_online* state and invoke the previously registered callback
(*Y_online*) on all online CPUs. The *node* element is a ``struct
hlist_node`` member of your per-instance data structure.
On removal of the instance: ::
cpuhp_state_remove_instance(Y_hp_online, &d->node)
should be invoked which will invoke the teardown callback on all online
CPUs.
Manual setup
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Usually it is handy to invoke setup and teardown callbacks on registration or
removal of a state because usually the operation needs to performed once a CPU
goes online (offline) and during initial setup (shutdown) of the driver. However
each registration and removal function is also available with a ``_nocalls``
suffix which does not invoke the provided callbacks if the invocation of the
callbacks is not desired. During the manual setup (or teardown) the functions
``get_online_cpus()`` and ``put_online_cpus()`` should be used to inhibit CPU
hotplug operations.
The ordering of the events
--------------------------
The hotplug states are defined in ``include/linux/cpuhotplug.h``:
* The states *CPUHP_OFFLINE* … *CPUHP_AP_OFFLINE* are invoked before the
CPU is up.
* The states *CPUHP_AP_OFFLINE* … *CPUHP_AP_ONLINE* are invoked
just the after the CPU has been brought up. The interrupts are off and
the scheduler is not yet active on this CPU. Starting with *CPUHP_AP_OFFLINE*
the callbacks are invoked on the target CPU.
* The states between *CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN* and *CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN_END* are
reserved for the dynamic allocation.
* The states are invoked in the reverse order on CPU shutdown starting with
*CPUHP_ONLINE* and stopping at *CPUHP_OFFLINE*. Here the callbacks are
invoked on the CPU that will be shutdown until *CPUHP_AP_OFFLINE*.
A dynamically allocated state via *CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN* is often enough.
However if an earlier invocation during the bring up or shutdown is required
then an explicit state should be acquired. An explicit state might also be
required if the hotplug event requires specific ordering in respect to
another hotplug event.
Testing of hotplug states
=========================
One way to verify whether a custom state is working as expected or not is to
shutdown a CPU and then put it online again. It is also possible to put the CPU
to certain state (for instance *CPUHP_AP_ONLINE*) and then go back to
*CPUHP_ONLINE*. This would simulate an error one state after *CPUHP_AP_ONLINE*
which would lead to rollback to the online state.
All registered states are enumerated in ``/sys/devices/system/cpu/hotplug/states``: ::
$ tail /sys/devices/system/cpu/hotplug/states
138: mm/vmscan:online
139: mm/vmstat:online
140: lib/percpu_cnt:online
141: acpi/cpu-drv:online
142: base/cacheinfo:online
143: virtio/net:online
144: x86/mce:online
145: printk:online
168: sched:active
169: online
To rollback CPU4 to ``lib/percpu_cnt:online`` and back online just issue: ::
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/hotplug/state
169
$ echo 140 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/hotplug/target
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/hotplug/state
140
It is important to note that the teardown callbac of state 140 have been
invoked. And now get back online: ::
$ echo 169 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/hotplug/target
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu4/hotplug/state
169
With trace events enabled, the individual steps are visible, too: ::
# TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
# | | | | |
bash-394 [001] 22.976: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 140 step: 169 (cpuhp_kick_ap_work)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 22.977: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 140 step: 168 (sched_cpu_deactivate)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 22.990: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 168 step: 168 ret: 0
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 22.991: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 140 step: 144 (mce_cpu_pre_down)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 22.992: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 144 step: 144 ret: 0
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 22.993: cpuhp_multi_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 140 step: 143 (virtnet_cpu_down_prep)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 22.994: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 143 step: 143 ret: 0
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 22.995: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 140 step: 142 (cacheinfo_cpu_pre_down)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 22.996: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 142 step: 142 ret: 0
bash-394 [001] 22.997: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 140 step: 169 ret: 0
bash-394 [005] 95.540: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 140 (cpuhp_kick_ap_work)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.541: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 141 (acpi_soft_cpu_online)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.542: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 141 step: 141 ret: 0
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.543: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 142 (cacheinfo_cpu_online)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.544: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 142 step: 142 ret: 0
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.545: cpuhp_multi_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 143 (virtnet_cpu_online)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.546: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 143 step: 143 ret: 0
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.547: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 144 (mce_cpu_online)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.548: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 144 step: 144 ret: 0
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.549: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 145 (console_cpu_notify)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.550: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 145 step: 145 ret: 0
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.551: cpuhp_enter: cpu: 0004 target: 169 step: 168 (sched_cpu_activate)
cpuhp/4-31 [004] 95.552: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 168 step: 168 ret: 0
bash-394 [005] 95.553: cpuhp_exit: cpu: 0004 state: 169 step: 140 ret: 0
As it an be seen, CPU4 went down until timestamp 22.996 and then back up until
95.552. All invoked callbacks including their return codes are visible in the
trace.
Architecture's requirements
===========================
The following functions and configurations are required:
``CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU``
This entry needs to be enabled in Kconfig
``__cpu_up()``
Arch interface to bring up a CPU
``__cpu_disable()``
Arch interface to shutdown a CPU, no more interrupts can be handled by the
kernel after the routine returns. This includes the shutdown of the timer.
``__cpu_die()``
This actually supposed to ensure death of the CPU. Actually look at some
example code in other arch that implement CPU hotplug. The processor is taken
down from the ``idle()`` loop for that specific architecture. ``__cpu_die()``
typically waits for some per_cpu state to be set, to ensure the processor dead
routine is called to be sure positively.
User Space Notification
=======================
After CPU successfully onlined or offline udev events are sent. A udev rule like: ::
SUBSYSTEM=="cpu", DRIVERS=="processor", DEVPATH=="/devices/system/cpu/*", RUN+="the_hotplug_receiver.sh"
will receive all events. A script like: ::
#!/bin/sh
if [ "${ACTION}" = "offline" ]
then
echo "CPU ${DEVPATH##*/} offline"
elif [ "${ACTION}" = "online" ]
then
echo "CPU ${DEVPATH##*/} online"
fi
can process the event further.
Kernel Inline Documentations Reference
======================================
.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/cpuhotplug.h

1
Documentation/core-api/index.rst
View File

@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ Core utilities
assoc_array
atomic_ops
cpu_hotplug
local_ops
workqueue

24
Documentation/cpu-freq/core.txt
View File

@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
Dominik Brodowski <linux@brodo.de>
David Kimdon <dwhedon@debian.org>
Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
@ -36,10 +38,11 @@ speed limits (like LCD drivers on ARM architecture). Additionally, the
kernel "constant" loops_per_jiffy is updated on frequency changes
here.
Reference counting is done by cpufreq_get_cpu and cpufreq_put_cpu,
which make sure that the cpufreq processor driver is correctly
registered with the core, and will not be unloaded until
cpufreq_put_cpu is called.
Reference counting of the cpufreq policies is done by cpufreq_cpu_get
and cpufreq_cpu_put, which make sure that the cpufreq driver is
correctly registered with the core, and will not be unloaded until
cpufreq_put_cpu is called. That also ensures that the respective cpufreq
policy doesn't get freed while being used.
2. CPUFreq notifiers
====================
@ -69,18 +72,16 @@ CPUFreq policy notifier is called twice for a policy transition:
The phase is specified in the second argument to the notifier.
The third argument, a void *pointer, points to a struct cpufreq_policy
consisting of five values: cpu, min, max, policy and max_cpu_freq. min
and max are the lower and upper frequencies (in kHz) of the new
policy, policy the new policy, cpu the number of the affected CPU; and
max_cpu_freq the maximum supported CPU frequency. This value is given
for informational purposes only.
consisting of several values, including min, max (the lower and upper
frequencies (in kHz) of the new policy).
2.2 CPUFreq transition notifiers
--------------------------------
These are notified twice when the CPUfreq driver switches the CPU core
frequency and this change has any external implications.
These are notified twice for each online CPU in the policy, when the
CPUfreq driver switches the CPU core frequency and this change has no
any external implications.
The second argument specifies the phase - CPUFREQ_PRECHANGE or
CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE.
@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ values:
cpu - number of the affected CPU
old - old frequency
new - new frequency
flags - flags of the cpufreq driver
3. CPUFreq Table Generation with Operating Performance Point (OPP)
==================================================================

173
Documentation/cpu-freq/cpu-drivers.txt
View File

@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
Dominik Brodowski <linux@brodo.de>
Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
@ -49,49 +51,65 @@ using cpufreq_register_driver()
What shall this struct cpufreq_driver contain?
cpufreq_driver.name - The name of this driver.
.name - The name of this driver.
cpufreq_driver.init - A pointer to the per-CPU initialization
function.
.init - A pointer to the per-policy initialization function.
cpufreq_driver.verify - A pointer to a "verification" function.
.verify - A pointer to a "verification" function.
cpufreq_driver.setpolicy _or_
cpufreq_driver.target/
target_index - See below on the differences.
.setpolicy _or_ .fast_switch _or_ .target _or_ .target_index - See
below on the differences.
And optionally
cpufreq_driver.exit - A pointer to a per-CPU cleanup
function called during CPU_POST_DEAD
phase of cpu hotplug process.
.flags - Hints for the cpufreq core.
cpufreq_driver.stop_cpu - A pointer to a per-CPU stop function
called during CPU_DOWN_PREPARE phase of
cpu hotplug process.
.driver_data - cpufreq driver specific data.
cpufreq_driver.resume - A pointer to a per-CPU resume function
which is called with interrupts disabled
and _before_ the pre-suspend frequency
and/or policy is restored by a call to
->target/target_index or ->setpolicy.
.resolve_freq - Returns the most appropriate frequency for a target
frequency. Doesn't change the frequency though.
cpufreq_driver.attr - A pointer to a NULL-terminated list of
"struct freq_attr" which allow to
export values to sysfs.
.get_intermediate and target_intermediate - Used to switch to stable
frequency while changing CPU frequency.
cpufreq_driver.get_intermediate
and target_intermediate Used to switch to stable frequency while
changing CPU frequency.
.get - Returns current frequency of the CPU.
.bios_limit - Returns HW/BIOS max frequency limitations for the CPU.
.exit - A pointer to a per-policy cleanup function called during
CPU_POST_DEAD phase of cpu hotplug process.
.stop_cpu - A pointer to a per-policy stop function called during
CPU_DOWN_PREPARE phase of cpu hotplug process.
.suspend - A pointer to a per-policy suspend function which is called
with interrupts disabled and _after_ the governor is stopped for the
policy.
.resume - A pointer to a per-policy resume function which is called
with interrupts disabled and _before_ the governor is started again.
.ready - A pointer to a per-policy ready function which is called after
the policy is fully initialized.
.attr - A pointer to a NULL-terminated list of "struct freq_attr" which
allow to export values to sysfs.
.boost_enabled - If set, boost frequencies are enabled.
.set_boost - A pointer to a per-policy function to enable/disable boost
frequencies.
1.2 Per-CPU Initialization
--------------------------
Whenever a new CPU is registered with the device model, or after the
cpufreq driver registers itself, the per-CPU initialization function
cpufreq_driver.init is called. It takes a struct cpufreq_policy
*policy as argument. What to do now?
cpufreq driver registers itself, the per-policy initialization function
cpufreq_driver.init is called if no cpufreq policy existed for the CPU.
Note that the .init() and .exit() routines are called only once for the
policy and not for each CPU managed by the policy. It takes a struct
cpufreq_policy *policy as argument. What to do now?
If necessary, activate the CPUfreq support on your CPU.
@ -117,47 +135,45 @@ policy->governor must contain the "default policy" for
cpufreq_driver.setpolicy or
cpufreq_driver.target/target_index is called
with these values.
policy->cpus Update this with the masks of the
(online + offline) CPUs that do DVFS
along with this CPU (i.e. that share
clock/voltage rails with it).
For setting some of these values (cpuinfo.min[max]_freq, policy->min[max]), the
frequency table helpers might be helpful. See the section 2 for more information
on them.
SMP systems normally have same clock source for a group of cpus. For these the
.init() would be called only once for the first online cpu. Here the .init()
routine must initialize policy->cpus with mask of all possible cpus (Online +
Offline) that share the clock. Then the core would copy this mask onto
policy->related_cpus and will reset policy->cpus to carry only online cpus.
1.3 verify
------------
----------
When the user decides a new policy (consisting of
"policy,governor,min,max") shall be set, this policy must be validated
so that incompatible values can be corrected. For verifying these
values, a frequency table helper and/or the
cpufreq_verify_within_limits(struct cpufreq_policy *policy, unsigned
int min_freq, unsigned int max_freq) function might be helpful. See
section 2 for details on frequency table helpers.
values cpufreq_verify_within_limits(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
unsigned int min_freq, unsigned int max_freq) function might be helpful.
See section 2 for details on frequency table helpers.
You need to make sure that at least one valid frequency (or operating
range) is within policy->min and policy->max. If necessary, increase
policy->max first, and only if this is no solution, decrease policy->min.
1.4 target/target_index or setpolicy?
----------------------------
1.4 target or target_index or setpolicy or fast_switch?
-------------------------------------------------------
Most cpufreq drivers or even most cpu frequency scaling algorithms
only allow the CPU to be set to one frequency. For these, you use the
->target/target_index call.
only allow the CPU frequency to be set to predefined fixed values. For
these, you use the ->target(), ->target_index() or ->fast_switch()
callbacks.
Some cpufreq-capable processors switch the frequency between certain
limits on their own. These shall use the ->setpolicy call
Some cpufreq capable processors switch the frequency between certain
limits on their own. These shall use the ->setpolicy() callback.
1.5. target/target_index
-------------
------------------------
The target_index call has two arguments: struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
and unsigned int index (into the exposed frequency table).
@ -186,9 +202,20 @@ actual frequency must be determined using the following rules:
Here again the frequency table helper might assist you - see section 2
for details.
1.6. fast_switch
----------------
1.6 setpolicy
---------------
This function is used for frequency switching from scheduler's context.
Not all drivers are expected to implement it, as sleeping from within
this callback isn't allowed. This callback must be highly optimized to
do switching as fast as possible.
This function has two arguments: struct cpufreq_policy *policy and
unsigned int target_frequency.
1.7 setpolicy
-------------
The setpolicy call only takes a struct cpufreq_policy *policy as
argument. You need to set the lower limit of the in-processor or
@ -198,13 +225,13 @@ setting when policy->policy is CPUFREQ_POLICY_PERFORMANCE, and a
powersaving-oriented setting when CPUFREQ_POLICY_POWERSAVE. Also check
the reference implementation in drivers/cpufreq/longrun.c
1.7 get_intermediate and target_intermediate
1.8 get_intermediate and target_intermediate
--------------------------------------------
Only for drivers with target_index() and CPUFREQ_ASYNC_NOTIFICATION unset.
get_intermediate should return a stable intermediate frequency platform wants to
switch to, and target_intermediate() should set CPU to to that frequency, before
switch to, and target_intermediate() should set CPU to that frequency, before
jumping to the frequency corresponding to 'index'. Core will take care of
sending notifications and driver doesn't have to handle them in
target_intermediate() or target_index().
@ -222,42 +249,36 @@ failures as core would send notifications for that.
As most cpufreq processors only allow for being set to a few specific
frequencies, a "frequency table" with some functions might assist in
some work of the processor driver. Such a "frequency table" consists
of an array of struct cpufreq_frequency_table entries, with any value in
"driver_data" you want to use, and the corresponding frequency in
"frequency". At the end of the table, you need to add a
cpufreq_frequency_table entry with frequency set to CPUFREQ_TABLE_END. And
if you want to skip one entry in the table, set the frequency to
CPUFREQ_ENTRY_INVALID. The entries don't need to be in ascending
order.
some work of the processor driver. Such a "frequency table" consists of
an array of struct cpufreq_frequency_table entries, with driver specific
values in "driver_data", the corresponding frequency in "frequency" and
flags set. At the end of the table, you need to add a
cpufreq_frequency_table entry with frequency set to CPUFREQ_TABLE_END.
And if you want to skip one entry in the table, set the frequency to
CPUFREQ_ENTRY_INVALID. The entries don't need to be in sorted in any
particular order, but if they are cpufreq core will do DVFS a bit
quickly for them as search for best match is faster.
By calling cpufreq_table_validate_and_show(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
struct cpufreq_frequency_table *table);
the cpuinfo.min_freq and cpuinfo.max_freq values are detected, and
policy->min and policy->max are set to the same values. This is
helpful for the per-CPU initialization stage.
By calling cpufreq_table_validate_and_show(), the cpuinfo.min_freq and
cpuinfo.max_freq values are detected, and policy->min and policy->max
are set to the same values. This is helpful for the per-CPU
initialization stage.
int cpufreq_frequency_table_verify(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
struct cpufreq_frequency_table *table);
assures that at least one valid frequency is within policy->min and
policy->max, and all other criteria are met. This is helpful for the
->verify call.
cpufreq_frequency_table_verify() assures that at least one valid
frequency is within policy->min and policy->max, and all other criteria
are met. This is helpful for the ->verify call.
int cpufreq_frequency_table_target(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
unsigned int target_freq,
unsigned int relation);
is the corresponding frequency table helper for the ->target
stage. Just pass the values to this function, and this function
returns the number of the frequency table entry which contains
the frequency the CPU shall be set to.
cpufreq_frequency_table_target() is the corresponding frequency table
helper for the ->target stage. Just pass the values to this function,
and this function returns the of the frequency table entry which
contains the frequency the CPU shall be set to.
The following macros can be used as iterators over cpufreq_frequency_table:
cpufreq_for_each_entry(pos, table) - iterates over all entries of frequency
table.
cpufreq-for_each_valid_entry(pos, table) - iterates over all entries,
cpufreq_for_each_valid_entry(pos, table) - iterates over all entries,
excluding CPUFREQ_ENTRY_INVALID frequencies.
Use arguments "pos" - a cpufreq_frequency_table * as a loop cursor and
"table" - the cpufreq_frequency_table * you want to iterate over.

24
Documentation/cpu-freq/cpufreq-stats.txt
View File

@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ cpufreq stats provides following statistics (explained in detail below).
- total_trans
- trans_table
All the statistics will be from the time the stats driver has been inserted
to the time when a read of a particular statistic is done. Obviously, stats
driver will not have any information about the frequency transitions before
the stats driver insertion.
All the statistics will be from the time the stats driver has been inserted
(or the time the stats were reset) to the time when a read of a particular
statistic is done. Obviously, stats driver will not have any information
about the frequency transitions before the stats driver insertion.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<mysystem>:/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/stats # ls -l
@ -110,25 +110,13 @@ Config Main Menu
CPU Frequency scaling --->
[*] CPU Frequency scaling
[*] CPU frequency translation statistics
[*] CPU frequency translation statistics details
"CPU Frequency scaling" (CONFIG_CPU_FREQ) should be enabled to configure
cpufreq-stats.
"CPU frequency translation statistics" (CONFIG_CPU_FREQ_STAT) provides the
basic statistics which includes time_in_state and total_trans.
statistics which includes time_in_state, total_trans and trans_table.
"CPU frequency translation statistics details" (CONFIG_CPU_FREQ_STAT_DETAILS)
provides fine grained cpufreq stats by trans_table. The reason for having a
separate config option for trans_table is:
- trans_table goes against the traditional /sysfs rule of one value per
interface. It provides a whole bunch of value in a 2 dimensional matrix
form.
Once these two options are enabled and your CPU supports cpufrequency, you
Once this option is enabled and your CPU supports cpufrequency, you
will be able to see the CPU frequency statistics in /sysfs.

304
Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt
View File

@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
Dominik Brodowski <linux@brodo.de>
some additions and corrections by Nico Golde <nico@ngolde.de>
Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
@ -28,32 +30,27 @@ Contents:
2.3 Userspace
2.4 Ondemand
2.5 Conservative
2.6 Schedutil
3. The Governor Interface in the CPUfreq Core
4. References
1. What Is A CPUFreq Governor?
==============================
Most cpufreq drivers (except the intel_pstate and longrun) or even most
cpu frequency scaling algorithms only offer the CPU to be set to one
frequency. In order to offer dynamic frequency scaling, the cpufreq
core must be able to tell these drivers of a "target frequency". So
these specific drivers will be transformed to offer a "->target/target_index"
call instead of the existing "->setpolicy" call. For "longrun", all
stays the same, though.
cpu frequency scaling algorithms only allow the CPU frequency to be set
to predefined fixed values. In order to offer dynamic frequency
scaling, the cpufreq core must be able to tell these drivers of a
"target frequency". So these specific drivers will be transformed to
offer a "->target/target_index/fast_switch()" call instead of the
"->setpolicy()" call. For set_policy drivers, all stays the same,
though.
How to decide what frequency within the CPUfreq policy should be used?
That's done using "cpufreq governors". Two are already in this patch
-- they're the already existing "powersave" and "performance" which
set the frequency statically to the lowest or highest frequency,
respectively. At least two more such governors will be ready for
addition in the near future, but likely many more as there are various
different theories and models about dynamic frequency scaling
around. Using such a generic interface as cpufreq offers to scaling
governors, these can be tested extensively, and the best one can be
selected for each specific use.
That's done using "cpufreq governors".
Basically, it's the following flow graph:
@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ CPU can be set to switch independently | CPU can only be set
/ the limits of policy->{min,max}
/ \
/ \
Using the ->setpolicy call, Using the ->target/target_index call,
Using the ->setpolicy call, Using the ->target/target_index/fast_switch call,
the limits and the the frequency closest
"policy" is set. to target_freq is set.
It is assured that it
@ -109,114 +106,159 @@ directory.
2.4 Ondemand
------------
The CPUfreq governor "ondemand" sets the CPU depending on the
current usage. To do this the CPU must have the capability to
switch the frequency very quickly. There are a number of sysfs file
accessible parameters:
The CPUfreq governor "ondemand" sets the CPU frequency depending on the
current system load. Load estimation is triggered by the scheduler
through the update_util_data->func hook; when triggered, cpufreq checks
the CPU-usage statistics over the last period and the governor sets the
CPU accordingly. The CPU must have the capability to switch the
frequency very quickly.
sampling_rate: measured in uS (10^-6 seconds), this is how often you
want the kernel to look at the CPU usage and to make decisions on
what to do about the frequency. Typically this is set to values of
around '10000' or more. It's default value is (cmp. with users-guide.txt):
transition_latency * 1000
Be aware that transition latency is in ns and sampling_rate is in us, so you
get the same sysfs value by default.
Sampling rate should always get adjusted considering the transition latency
To set the sampling rate 750 times as high as the transition latency
in the bash (as said, 1000 is default), do:
echo `$(($(cat cpuinfo_transition_latency) * 750 / 1000)) \
>ondemand/sampling_rate
Sysfs files:
sampling_rate_min:
The sampling rate is limited by the HW transition latency:
transition_latency * 100
Or by kernel restrictions:
If CONFIG_NO_HZ_COMMON is set, the limit is 10ms fixed.
If CONFIG_NO_HZ_COMMON is not set or nohz=off boot parameter is used, the
limits depend on the CONFIG_HZ option:
HZ=1000: min=20000us (20ms)
HZ=250: min=80000us (80ms)
HZ=100: min=200000us (200ms)
The highest value of kernel and HW latency restrictions is shown and
used as the minimum sampling rate.
* sampling_rate:
up_threshold: defines what the average CPU usage between the samplings
of 'sampling_rate' needs to be for the kernel to make a decision on
whether it should increase the frequency. For example when it is set
to its default value of '95' it means that between the checking
intervals the CPU needs to be on average more than 95% in use to then
decide that the CPU frequency needs to be increased.
Measured in uS (10^-6 seconds), this is how often you want the kernel
to look at the CPU usage and to make decisions on what to do about the
frequency. Typically this is set to values of around '10000' or more.
It's default value is (cmp. with users-guide.txt): transition_latency
* 1000. Be aware that transition latency is in ns and sampling_rate
is in us, so you get the same sysfs value by default. Sampling rate
should always get adjusted considering the transition latency to set
the sampling rate 750 times as high as the transition latency in the
bash (as said, 1000 is default), do:
ignore_nice_load: this parameter takes a value of '0' or '1'. When
set to '0' (its default), all processes are counted towards the
'cpu utilisation' value. When set to '1', the processes that are
run with a 'nice' value will not count (and thus be ignored) in the
overall usage calculation. This is useful if you are running a CPU
intensive calculation on your laptop that you do not care how long it
takes to complete as you can 'nice' it and prevent it from taking part
in the deciding process of whether to increase your CPU frequency.
$ echo `$(($(cat cpuinfo_transition_latency) * 750 / 1000)) > ondemand/sampling_rate
sampling_down_factor: this parameter controls the rate at which the
kernel makes a decision on when to decrease the frequency while running
at top speed. When set to 1 (the default) decisions to reevaluate load
are made at the same interval regardless of current clock speed. But
when set to greater than 1 (e.g. 100) it acts as a multiplier for the
scheduling interval for reevaluating load when the CPU is at its top
speed due to high load. This improves performance by reducing the overhead
of load evaluation and helping the CPU stay at its top speed when truly
busy, rather than shifting back and forth in speed. This tunable has no
effect on behavior at lower speeds/lower CPU loads.
* sampling_rate_min:
powersave_bias: this parameter takes a value between 0 to 1000. It
defines the percentage (times 10) value of the target frequency that
will be shaved off of the target. For example, when set to 100 -- 10%,
when ondemand governor would have targeted 1000 MHz, it will target
1000 MHz - (10% of 1000 MHz) = 900 MHz instead. This is set to 0
(disabled) by default.
When AMD frequency sensitivity powersave bias driver --
drivers/cpufreq/amd_freq_sensitivity.c is loaded, this parameter
defines the workload frequency sensitivity threshold in which a lower
frequency is chosen instead of ondemand governor's original target.
The frequency sensitivity is a hardware reported (on AMD Family 16h
Processors and above) value between 0 to 100% that tells software how
the performance of the workload running on a CPU will change when
frequency changes. A workload with sensitivity of 0% (memory/IO-bound)
will not perform any better on higher core frequency, whereas a
workload with sensitivity of 100% (CPU-bound) will perform better
higher the frequency. When the driver is loaded, this is set to 400
by default -- for CPUs running workloads with sensitivity value below
40%, a lower frequency is chosen. Unloading the driver or writing 0
will disable this feature.
The sampling rate is limited by the HW transition latency:
transition_latency * 100
Or by kernel restrictions:
- If CONFIG_NO_HZ_COMMON is set, the limit is 10ms fixed.
- If CONFIG_NO_HZ_COMMON is not set or nohz=off boot parameter is
used, the limits depend on the CONFIG_HZ option:
HZ=1000: min=20000us (20ms)
HZ=250: min=80000us (80ms)
HZ=100: min=200000us (200ms)
The highest value of kernel and HW latency restrictions is shown and
used as the minimum sampling rate.
* up_threshold:
This defines what the average CPU usage between the samplings of
'sampling_rate' needs to be for the kernel to make a decision on
whether it should increase the frequency. For example when it is set
to its default value of '95' it means that between the checking
intervals the CPU needs to be on average more than 95% in use to then
decide that the CPU frequency needs to be increased.
* ignore_nice_load:
This parameter takes a value of '0' or '1'. When set to '0' (its
default), all processes are counted towards the 'cpu utilisation'
value. When set to '1', the processes that are run with a 'nice'
value will not count (and thus be ignored) in the overall usage
calculation. This is useful if you are running a CPU intensive
calculation on your laptop that you do not care how long it takes to
complete as you can 'nice' it and prevent it from taking part in the
deciding process of whether to increase your CPU frequency.
* sampling_down_factor:
This parameter controls the rate at which the kernel makes a decision
on when to decrease the frequency while running at top speed. When set
to 1 (the default) decisions to reevaluate load are made at the same
interval regardless of current clock speed. But when set to greater
than 1 (e.g. 100) it acts as a multiplier for the scheduling interval
for reevaluating load when the CPU is at its top speed due to high
load. This improves performance by reducing the overhead of load
evaluation and helping the CPU stay at its top speed when truly busy,
rather than shifting back and forth in speed. This tunable has no
effect on behavior at lower speeds/lower CPU loads.
* powersave_bias:
This parameter takes a value between 0 to 1000. It defines the
percentage (times 10) value of the target frequency that will be
shaved off of the target. For example, when set to 100 -- 10%, when
ondemand governor would have targeted 1000 MHz, it will target
1000 MHz - (10% of 1000 MHz) = 900 MHz instead. This is set to 0
(disabled) by default.
When AMD frequency sensitivity powersave bias driver --
drivers/cpufreq/amd_freq_sensitivity.c is loaded, this parameter
defines the workload frequency sensitivity threshold in which a lower
frequency is chosen instead of ondemand governor's original target.
The frequency sensitivity is a hardware reported (on AMD Family 16h
Processors and above) value between 0 to 100% that tells software how
the performance of the workload running on a CPU will change when
frequency changes. A workload with sensitivity of 0% (memory/IO-bound)
will not perform any better on higher core frequency, whereas a
workload with sensitivity of 100% (CPU-bound) will perform better
higher the frequency. When the driver is loaded, this is set to 400 by
default -- for CPUs running workloads with sensitivity value below
40%, a lower frequency is chosen. Unloading the driver or writing 0
will disable this feature.
2.5 Conservative
----------------
The CPUfreq governor "conservative", much like the "ondemand"
governor, sets the CPU depending on the current usage. It differs in
behaviour in that it gracefully increases and decreases the CPU speed
rather than jumping to max speed the moment there is any load on the
CPU. This behaviour more suitable in a battery powered environment.
The governor is tweaked in the same manner as the "ondemand" governor
through sysfs with the addition of:
governor, sets the CPU frequency depending on the current usage. It
differs in behaviour in that it gracefully increases and decreases the
CPU speed rather than jumping to max speed the moment there is any load
on the CPU. This behaviour is more suitable in a battery powered
environment. The governor is tweaked in the same manner as the
"ondemand" governor through sysfs with the addition of:
freq_step: this describes what percentage steps the cpu freq should be
increased and decreased smoothly by. By default the cpu frequency will
increase in 5% chunks of your maximum cpu frequency. You can change this
value to anywhere between 0 and 100 where '0' will effectively lock your
CPU at a speed regardless of its load whilst '100' will, in theory, make
it behave identically to the "ondemand" governor.
* freq_step:
down_threshold: same as the 'up_threshold' found for the "ondemand"
governor but for the opposite direction. For example when set to its
default value of '20' it means that if the CPU usage needs to be below
20% between samples to have the frequency decreased.
This describes what percentage steps the cpu freq should be increased
and decreased smoothly by. By default the cpu frequency will increase
in 5% chunks of your maximum cpu frequency. You can change this value
to anywhere between 0 and 100 where '0' will effectively lock your CPU
at a speed regardless of its load whilst '100' will, in theory, make
it behave identically to the "ondemand" governor.
* down_threshold:
Same as the 'up_threshold' found for the "ondemand" governor but for
the opposite direction. For example when set to its default value of
'20' it means that if the CPU usage needs to be below 20% between
samples to have the frequency decreased.
* sampling_down_factor:
Similar functionality as in "ondemand" governor. But in
"conservative", it controls the rate at which the kernel makes a
decision on when to decrease the frequency while running in any speed.
Load for frequency increase is still evaluated every sampling rate.
2.6 Schedutil
-------------
The "schedutil" governor aims at better integration with the Linux
kernel scheduler. Load estimation is achieved through the scheduler's
Per-Entity Load Tracking (PELT) mechanism, which also provides
information about the recent load [1]. This governor currently does
load based DVFS only for tasks managed by CFS. RT and DL scheduler tasks
are always run at the highest frequency. Unlike all the other
governors, the code is located under the kernel/sched/ directory.
Sysfs files:
* rate_limit_us:
This contains a value in microseconds. The governor waits for
rate_limit_us time before reevaluating the load again, after it has
evaluated the load once.
For an in-depth comparison with the other governors refer to [2].
sampling_down_factor: similar functionality as in "ondemand" governor.
But in "conservative", it controls the rate at which the kernel makes
a decision on when to decrease the frequency while running in any
speed. Load for frequency increase is still evaluated every
sampling rate.
3. The Governor Interface in the CPUfreq Core
=============================================
@ -225,26 +267,10 @@ A new governor must register itself with the CPUfreq core using
"cpufreq_register_governor". The struct cpufreq_governor, which has to
be passed to that function, must contain the following values:
governor->name - A unique name for this governor
governor->governor - The governor callback function
governor->owner - .THIS_MODULE for the governor module (if
appropriate)
The governor->governor callback is called with the current (or to-be-set)
cpufreq_policy struct for that CPU, and an unsigned int event. The
following events are currently defined:
CPUFREQ_GOV_START: This governor shall start its duty for the CPU
policy->cpu
CPUFREQ_GOV_STOP: This governor shall end its duty for the CPU
policy->cpu
CPUFREQ_GOV_LIMITS: The limits for CPU policy->cpu have changed to
policy->min and policy->max.
If you need other "events" externally of your driver, _only_ use the
cpufreq_governor_l(unsigned int cpu, unsigned int event) call to the
CPUfreq core to ensure proper locking.
governor->name - A unique name for this governor.
governor->owner - .THIS_MODULE for the governor module (if appropriate).
plus a set of hooks to the functions implementing the governor's logic.
The CPUfreq governor may call the CPU processor driver using one of
these two functions:
@ -258,12 +284,18 @@ int __cpufreq_driver_target(struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
unsigned int relation);
target_freq must be within policy->min and policy->max, of course.
What's the difference between these two functions? When your governor
still is in a direct code path of a call to governor->governor, the
per-CPU cpufreq lock is still held in the cpufreq core, and there's
no need to lock it again (in fact, this would cause a deadlock). So
use __cpufreq_driver_target only in these cases. In all other cases
(for example, when there's a "daemonized" function that wakes up
every second), use cpufreq_driver_target to lock the cpufreq per-CPU
lock before the command is passed to the cpufreq processor driver.
What's the difference between these two functions? When your governor is
in a direct code path of a call to governor callbacks, like
governor->start(), the policy->rwsem is still held in the cpufreq core,
and there's no need to lock it again (in fact, this would cause a
deadlock). So use __cpufreq_driver_target only in these cases. In all
other cases (for example, when there's a "daemonized" function that
wakes up every second), use cpufreq_driver_target to take policy->rwsem
before the command is passed to the cpufreq driver.
4. References
=============
[1] Per-entity load tracking: https://lwn.net/Articles/531853/
[2] Improvements in CPU frequency management: https://lwn.net/Articles/682391/

25
Documentation/cpu-freq/index.txt
View File

@ -18,16 +18,29 @@
Documents in this directory:
----------------------------
core.txt - General description of the CPUFreq core and
of CPUFreq notifiers
cpu-drivers.txt - How to implement a new cpufreq processor driver
amd-powernow.txt - AMD powernow driver specific file.
boost.txt - Frequency boosting support.
core.txt - General description of the CPUFreq core and
of CPUFreq notifiers.
cpu-drivers.txt - How to implement a new cpufreq processor driver.
cpufreq-nforce2.txt - nVidia nForce2 platform specific file.
cpufreq-stats.txt - General description of sysfs cpufreq stats.
governors.txt - What are cpufreq governors and how to
implement them?
index.txt - File index, Mailing list and Links (this document)
intel-pstate.txt - Intel pstate cpufreq driver specific file.
pcc-cpufreq.txt - PCC cpufreq driver specific file.
user-guide.txt - User Guide to CPUFreq
@ -35,9 +48,7 @@ Mailing List
------------
There is a CPU frequency changing CVS commit and general list where
you can report bugs, problems or submit patches. To post a message,
send an email to linux-pm@vger.kernel.org, to subscribe go to
http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-pm and follow the
instructions there.
send an email to linux-pm@vger.kernel.org.
Links
-----
@ -48,7 +59,7 @@ how to access the CVS repository:
* http://cvs.arm.linux.org.uk/
the CPUFreq Mailing list:
* http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#cpufreq
* http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-pm
Clock and voltage scaling for the SA-1100:
* http://www.lartmaker.nl/projects/scaling

15
Documentation/cpu-freq/intel-pstate.txt
View File

@ -85,6 +85,21 @@ Sysfs will show :
Refer to "Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual
Volume 3: System Programming Guide" to understand ratios.
There is one more sysfs attribute in /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/
that can be used for controlling the operation mode of the driver:
status: Three settings are possible:
"off" - The driver is not in use at this time.
"active" - The driver works as a P-state governor (default).
"passive" - The driver works as a regular cpufreq one and collaborates
with the generic cpufreq governors (it sets P-states as
requested by those governors).
The current setting is returned by reads from this attribute. Writing one
of the above strings to it changes the operation mode as indicated by that
string, if possible. If HW-managed P-states (HWP) are enabled, it is not
possible to change the driver's operation mode and attempts to write to
this attribute will fail.
cpufreq sysfs for Intel P-State
Since this driver registers with cpufreq, cpufreq sysfs is also presented.

64
Documentation/cpu-freq/user-guide.txt
View File

@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
Contents:
---------
1. Supported Architectures and Processors
1.1 ARM
1.1 ARM and ARM64
1.2 x86
1.3 sparc64
1.4 ppc
@ -37,16 +37,10 @@ Contents:
1. Supported Architectures and Processors
=========================================
1.1 ARM
-------
The following ARM processors are supported by cpufreq:
ARM Integrator
ARM-SA1100
ARM-SA1110
Intel PXA
1.1 ARM and ARM64
-----------------
Almost all ARM and ARM64 platforms support CPU frequency scaling.
1.2 x86
-------
@ -69,6 +63,7 @@ Transmeta Crusoe
Transmeta Efficeon
VIA Cyrix 3 / C3
various processors on some ACPI 2.0-compatible systems [*]
And many more
[*] Only if "ACPI Processor Performance States" are available
to the ACPI<->BIOS interface.
@ -87,7 +82,9 @@ UltraSPARC-III
-------
Several "PowerBook" and "iBook2" notebooks are supported.
The following POWER processors are supported in powernv mode:
POWER8
POWER9
1.5 SuperH
----------
@ -147,10 +144,19 @@ mounted it at /sys, the cpufreq interface is located in a subdirectory
"cpufreq" within the cpu-device directory
(e.g. /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/ for the first CPU).
affected_cpus : List of Online CPUs that require software
coordination of frequency.
cpuinfo_cur_freq : Current frequency of the CPU as obtained from
the hardware, in KHz. This is the frequency
the CPU actually runs at.
cpuinfo_min_freq : this file shows the minimum operating
frequency the processor can run at(in kHz)
cpuinfo_max_freq : this file shows the maximum operating
frequency the processor can run at(in kHz)
cpuinfo_transition_latency The time it takes on this CPU to
switch between two frequencies in nano
seconds. If unknown or known to be
@ -163,25 +169,30 @@ cpuinfo_transition_latency The time it takes on this CPU to
userspace daemon. Make sure to not
switch the frequency too often
resulting in performance loss.
scaling_driver : this file shows what cpufreq driver is
used to set the frequency on this CPU
related_cpus : List of Online + Offline CPUs that need software
coordination of frequency.
scaling_available_frequencies : List of available frequencies, in KHz.
scaling_available_governors : this file shows the CPUfreq governors
available in this kernel. You can see the
currently activated governor in
scaling_cur_freq : Current frequency of the CPU as determined by
the governor and cpufreq core, in KHz. This is
the frequency the kernel thinks the CPU runs
at.
scaling_driver : this file shows what cpufreq driver is
used to set the frequency on this CPU
scaling_governor, and by "echoing" the name of another
governor you can change it. Please note
that some governors won't load - they only
work on some specific architectures or
processors.
cpuinfo_cur_freq : Current frequency of the CPU as obtained from
the hardware, in KHz. This is the frequency
the CPU actually runs at.
scaling_available_frequencies : List of available frequencies, in KHz.
scaling_min_freq and
scaling_max_freq show the current "policy limits" (in
kHz). By echoing new values into these
@ -190,16 +201,11 @@ scaling_max_freq show the current "policy limits" (in
first set scaling_max_freq, then
scaling_min_freq.
affected_cpus : List of Online CPUs that require software
coordination of frequency.
related_cpus : List of Online + Offline CPUs that need software
coordination of frequency.
scaling_cur_freq : Current frequency of the CPU as determined by
the governor and cpufreq core, in KHz. This is
the frequency the kernel thinks the CPU runs
at.
scaling_setspeed This can be read to get the currently programmed
value by the governor. This can be written to
change the current frequency for a group of
CPUs, represented by a policy. This is supported
currently only by the userspace governor.
bios_limit : If the BIOS tells the OS to limit a CPU to
lower frequencies, the user can read out the

452
Documentation/cpu-hotplug.txt
View File

@ -1,452 +0,0 @@
CPU hotplug Support in Linux(tm) Kernel
Maintainers:
CPU Hotplug Core:
Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Srivatsa Vaddagiri <vatsa@in.ibm.com>
i386:
Zwane Mwaikambo <zwanem@gmail.com>
ppc64:
Nathan Lynch <nathanl@austin.ibm.com>
Joel Schopp <jschopp@austin.ibm.com>
ia64/x86_64:
Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>
s390:
Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Authors: Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>
Lots of feedback: Nathan Lynch <nathanl@austin.ibm.com>,
Joel Schopp <jschopp@austin.ibm.com>
Introduction
Modern advances in system architectures have introduced advanced error
reporting and correction capabilities in processors. CPU architectures permit
partitioning support, where compute resources of a single CPU could be made
available to virtual machine environments. There are couple OEMS that
support NUMA hardware which are hot pluggable as well, where physical
node insertion and removal require support for CPU hotplug.
Such advances require CPUs available to a kernel to be removed either for
provisioning reasons, or for RAS purposes to keep an offending CPU off
system execution path. Hence the need for CPU hotplug support in the
Linux kernel.
A more novel use of CPU-hotplug support is its use today in suspend
resume support for SMP. Dual-core and HT support makes even
a laptop run SMP kernels which didn't support these methods. SMP support
for suspend/resume is a work in progress.
General Stuff about CPU Hotplug
--------------------------------
Command Line Switches
---------------------
maxcpus=n Restrict boot time cpus to n. Say if you have 4 cpus, using
maxcpus=2 will only boot 2. You can choose to bring the
other cpus later online, read FAQ's for more info.
additional_cpus=n (*) Use this to limit hotpluggable cpus. This option sets
cpu_possible_mask = cpu_present_mask + additional_cpus
cede_offline={"off","on"} Use this option to disable/enable putting offlined
processors to an extended H_CEDE state on
supported pseries platforms.
If nothing is specified,
cede_offline is set to "on".
(*) Option valid only for following architectures
- ia64
ia64 uses the number of disabled local apics in ACPI tables MADT to
determine the number of potentially hot-pluggable cpus. The implementation
should only rely on this to count the # of cpus, but *MUST* not rely
on the apicid values in those tables for disabled apics. In the event
BIOS doesn't mark such hot-pluggable cpus as disabled entries, one could
use this parameter "additional_cpus=x" to represent those cpus in the
cpu_possible_mask.
possible_cpus=n [s390,x86_64] use this to set hotpluggable cpus.
This option sets possible_cpus bits in
cpu_possible_mask. Thus keeping the numbers of bits set
constant even if the machine gets rebooted.
CPU maps and such
-----------------
[More on cpumaps and primitive to manipulate, please check
include/linux/cpumask.h that has more descriptive text.]
cpu_possible_mask: Bitmap of possible CPUs that can ever be available in the
system. This is used to allocate some boot time memory for per_cpu variables
that aren't designed to grow/shrink as CPUs are made available or removed.
Once set during boot time discovery phase, the map is static, i.e no bits
are added or removed anytime. Trimming it accurately for your system needs
upfront can save some boot time memory. See below for how we use heuristics
in x86_64 case to keep this under check.
cpu_online_mask: Bitmap of all CPUs currently online. It's set in __cpu_up()
after a CPU is available for kernel scheduling and ready to receive
interrupts from devices. It's cleared when a CPU is brought down using
__cpu_disable(), before which all OS services including interrupts are
migrated to another target CPU.
cpu_present_mask: Bitmap of CPUs currently present in the system. Not all
of them may be online. When physical hotplug is processed by the relevant
subsystem (e.g ACPI) can change and new bit either be added or removed
from the map depending on the event is hot-add/hot-remove. There are currently
no locking rules as of now. Typical usage is to init topology during boot,
at which time hotplug is disabled.
You really dont need to manipulate any of the system cpu maps. They should
be read-only for most use. When setting up per-cpu resources almost always use
cpu_possible_mask/for_each_possible_cpu() to iterate.
Never use anything other than cpumask_t to represent bitmap of CPUs.
#include <linux/cpumask.h>
for_each_possible_cpu - Iterate over cpu_possible_mask
for_each_online_cpu - Iterate over cpu_online_mask
for_each_present_cpu - Iterate over cpu_present_mask
for_each_cpu(x,mask) - Iterate over some random collection of cpu mask.
#include <linux/cpu.h>
get_online_cpus() and put_online_cpus():
The above calls are used to inhibit cpu hotplug operations. While the
cpu_hotplug.refcount is non zero, the cpu_online_mask will not change.
If you merely need to avoid cpus going away, you could also use
preempt_disable() and preempt_enable() for those sections.
Just remember the critical section cannot call any
function that can sleep or schedule this process away. The preempt_disable()
will work as long as stop_machine_run() is used to take a cpu down.
CPU Hotplug - Frequently Asked Questions.
Q: How to enable my kernel to support CPU hotplug?
A: When doing make defconfig, Enable CPU hotplug support
"Processor type and Features" -> Support for Hotpluggable CPUs
Make sure that you have CONFIG_SMP turned on as well.
You would need to enable CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU for SMP suspend/resume support
as well.
Q: What architectures support CPU hotplug?
A: As of 2.6.14, the following architectures support CPU hotplug.
i386 (Intel), ppc, ppc64, parisc, s390, ia64 and x86_64
Q: How to test if hotplug is supported on the newly built kernel?
A: You should now notice an entry in sysfs.
Check if sysfs is mounted, using the "mount" command. You should notice
an entry as shown below in the output.
....
none on /sys type sysfs (rw)
....
If this is not mounted, do the following.
#mkdir /sys
#mount -t sysfs sys /sys
Now you should see entries for all present cpu, the following is an example
in a 8-way system.
#pwd
#/sys/devices/system/cpu
#ls -l
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 0 Sep 19 07:44 .
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Sep 19 07:45 ..
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Sep 19 07:44 cpu0
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Sep 19 07:44 cpu1
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Sep 19 07:44 cpu2
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Sep 19 07:44 cpu3
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Sep 19 07:44 cpu4
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Sep 19 07:44 cpu5
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Sep 19 07:44 cpu6
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Sep 19 07:48 cpu7
Under each directory you would find an "online" file which is the control
file to logically online/offline a processor.
Q: Does hot-add/hot-remove refer to physical add/remove of cpus?
A: The usage of hot-add/remove may not be very consistently used in the code.
CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU enables logical online/offline capability in the kernel.
To support physical addition/removal, one would need some BIOS hooks and
the platform should have something like an attention button in PCI hotplug.
CONFIG_ACPI_HOTPLUG_CPU enables ACPI support for physical add/remove of CPUs.
Q: How do I logically offline a CPU?
A: Do the following.
#echo 0 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/online
Once the logical offline is successful, check
#cat /proc/interrupts
You should now not see the CPU that you removed. Also online file will report
the state as 0 when a CPU is offline and 1 when it's online.
#To display the current cpu state.
#cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/online
Q: Why can't I remove CPU0 on some systems?
A: Some architectures may have some special dependency on a certain CPU.
For e.g in IA64 platforms we have ability to send platform interrupts to the
OS. a.k.a Corrected Platform Error Interrupts (CPEI). In current ACPI
specifications, we didn't have a way to change the target CPU. Hence if the
current ACPI version doesn't support such re-direction, we disable that CPU
by making it not-removable.
In such cases you will also notice that the online file is missing under cpu0.
Q: Is CPU0 removable on X86?
A: Yes. If kernel is compiled with CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0=y, CPU0 is
removable by default. Otherwise, CPU0 is also removable by kernel option
cpu0_hotplug.
But some features depend on CPU0. Two known dependencies are:
1. Resume from hibernate/suspend depends on CPU0. Hibernate/suspend will fail if
CPU0 is offline and you need to online CPU0 before hibernate/suspend can
continue.
2. PIC interrupts also depend on CPU0. CPU0 can't be removed if a PIC interrupt
is detected.
It's said poweroff/reboot may depend on CPU0 on some machines although I haven't
seen any poweroff/reboot failure so far after CPU0 is offline on a few tested
machines.
Please let me know if you know or see any other dependencies of CPU0.
If the dependencies are under your control, you can turn on CPU0 hotplug feature
either by CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0 or by kernel parameter cpu0_hotplug.
--Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Q: How do I find out if a particular CPU is not removable?
A: Depending on the implementation, some architectures may show this by the
absence of the "online" file. This is done if it can be determined ahead of
time that this CPU cannot be removed.
In some situations, this can be a run time check, i.e if you try to remove the
last CPU, this will not be permitted. You can find such failures by
investigating the return value of the "echo" command.
Q: What happens when a CPU is being logically offlined?
A: The following happen, listed in no particular order :-)
- A notification is sent to in-kernel registered modules by sending an event
CPU_DOWN_PREPARE or CPU_DOWN_PREPARE_FROZEN, depending on whether or not the
CPU is being offlined while tasks are frozen due to a suspend operation in
progress
- All processes are migrated away from this outgoing CPU to new CPUs.
The new CPU is chosen from each process' current cpuset, which may be
a subset of all online CPUs.
- All interrupts targeted to this CPU are migrated to a new CPU
- timers/bottom half/task lets are also migrated to a new CPU
- Once all services are migrated, kernel calls an arch specific routine
__cpu_disable() to perform arch specific cleanup.
- Once this is successful, an event for successful cleanup is sent by an event
CPU_DEAD (or CPU_DEAD_FROZEN if tasks are frozen due to a suspend while the
CPU is being offlined).
"It is expected that each service cleans up when the CPU_DOWN_PREPARE
notifier is called, when CPU_DEAD is called it's expected there is nothing
running on behalf of this CPU that was offlined"
Q: If I have some kernel code that needs to be aware of CPU arrival and
departure, how to i arrange for proper notification?
A: This is what you would need in your kernel code to receive notifications.
#include <linux/cpu.h>
static int foobar_cpu_callback(struct notifier_block *nfb,
unsigned long action, void *hcpu)
{
unsigned int cpu = (unsigned long)hcpu;
switch (action) {
case CPU_ONLINE:
case CPU_ONLINE_FROZEN:
foobar_online_action(cpu);
break;
case CPU_DEAD:
case CPU_DEAD_FROZEN:
foobar_dead_action(cpu);
break;
}
return NOTIFY_OK;
}
static struct notifier_block foobar_cpu_notifier =
{
.notifier_call = foobar_cpu_callback,
};
You need to call register_cpu_notifier() from your init function.
Init functions could be of two types:
1. early init (init function called when only the boot processor is online).
2. late init (init function called _after_ all the CPUs are online).
For the first case, you should add the following to your init function
register_cpu_notifier(&foobar_cpu_notifier);
For the second case, you should add the following to your init function
register_hotcpu_notifier(&foobar_cpu_notifier);
You can fail PREPARE notifiers if something doesn't work to prepare resources.
This will stop the activity and send a following CANCELED event back.
CPU_DEAD should not be failed, its just a goodness indication, but bad
things will happen if a notifier in path sent a BAD notify code.
Q: I don't see my action being called for all CPUs already up and running?
A: Yes, CPU notifiers are called only when new CPUs are on-lined or offlined.
If you need to perform some action for each CPU already in the system, then
do this:
for_each_online_cpu(i) {
foobar_cpu_callback(&foobar_cpu_notifier, CPU_UP_PREPARE, i);
foobar_cpu_callback(&foobar_cpu_notifier, CPU_ONLINE, i);
}
However, if you want to register a hotplug callback, as well as perform
some initialization for CPUs that are already online, then do this:
Version 1: (Correct)
---------
cpu_notifier_register_begin();
for_each_online_cpu(i) {
foobar_cpu_callback(&foobar_cpu_notifier,
CPU_UP_PREPARE, i);
foobar_cpu_callback(&foobar_cpu_notifier,
CPU_ONLINE, i);
}
/* Note the use of the double underscored version of the API */
__register_cpu_notifier(&foobar_cpu_notifier);
cpu_notifier_register_done();
Note that the following code is *NOT* the right way to achieve this,
because it is prone to an ABBA deadlock between the cpu_add_remove_lock
and the cpu_hotplug.lock.
Version 2: (Wrong!)
---------
get_online_cpus();
for_each_online_cpu(i) {
foobar_cpu_callback(&foobar_cpu_notifier,
CPU_UP_PREPARE, i);
foobar_cpu_callback(&foobar_cpu_notifier,
CPU_ONLINE, i);
}
register_cpu_notifier(&foobar_cpu_notifier);
put_online_cpus();
So always use the first version shown above when you want to register
callbacks as well as initialize the already online CPUs.
Q: If I would like to develop CPU hotplug support for a new architecture,
what do I need at a minimum?
A: The following are what is required for CPU hotplug infrastructure to work
correctly.
- Make sure you have an entry in Kconfig to enable CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU
- __cpu_up() - Arch interface to bring up a CPU
- __cpu_disable() - Arch interface to shutdown a CPU, no more interrupts
can be handled by the kernel after the routine
returns. Including local APIC timers etc are
shutdown.
- __cpu_die() - This actually supposed to ensure death of the CPU.
Actually look at some example code in other arch
that implement CPU hotplug. The processor is taken
down from the idle() loop for that specific
architecture. __cpu_die() typically waits for some
per_cpu state to be set, to ensure the processor
dead routine is called to be sure positively.
Q: I need to ensure that a particular CPU is not removed when there is some
work specific to this CPU in progress.
A: There are two ways. If your code can be run in interrupt context, use
smp_call_function_single(), otherwise use work_on_cpu(). Note that
work_on_cpu() is slow, and can fail due to out of memory:
int my_func_on_cpu(int cpu)
{
int err;
get_online_cpus();
if (!cpu_online(cpu))
err = -EINVAL;
else
#if NEEDS_BLOCKING
err = work_on_cpu(cpu, __my_func_on_cpu, NULL);
#else
smp_call_function_single(cpu, __my_func_on_cpu, &err,
true);
#endif
put_online_cpus();
return err;
}
Q: How do we determine how many CPUs are available for hotplug.
A: There is no clear spec defined way from ACPI that can give us that
information today. Based on some input from Natalie of Unisys,
that the ACPI MADT (Multiple APIC Description Tables) marks those possible
CPUs in a system with disabled status.
Andi implemented some simple heuristics that count the number of disabled
CPUs in MADT as hotpluggable CPUS. In the case there are no disabled CPUS
we assume 1/2 the number of CPUs currently present can be hotplugged.
Caveat: ACPI MADT can only provide 256 entries in systems with only ACPI 2.0c
or earlier ACPI version supported, because the apicid field in MADT is only
8 bits. From ACPI 3.0, this limitation was removed since the apicid field
was extended to 32 bits with x2APIC introduced.
User Space Notification
Hotplug support for devices is common in Linux today. Its being used today to
support automatic configuration of network, usb and pci devices. A hotplug
event can be used to invoke an agent script to perform the configuration task.
You can add /etc/hotplug/cpu.agent to handle hotplug notification user space
scripts.
#!/bin/bash
# $Id: cpu.agent
# Kernel hotplug params include:
#ACTION=%s [online or offline]
#DEVPATH=%s
#
cd /etc/hotplug
. ./hotplug.functions
case $ACTION in
online)
echo `date` ":cpu.agent" add cpu >> /tmp/hotplug.txt
;;
offline)
echo `date` ":cpu.agent" remove cpu >>/tmp/hotplug.txt
;;
*)
debug_mesg CPU $ACTION event not supported
exit 1
;;
esac

2
Documentation/crypto/api-digest.rst
View File

@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Asynchronous Message Digest API
:doc: Asynchronous Message Digest API
.. kernel-doc:: include/crypto/hash.h
:functions: crypto_alloc_ahash crypto_free_ahash crypto_ahash_init crypto_ahash_digestsize crypto_ahash_reqtfm crypto_ahash_reqsize crypto_ahash_setkey crypto_ahash_finup crypto_ahash_final crypto_ahash_digest crypto_ahash_export crypto_ahash_import
:functions: crypto_alloc_ahash crypto_free_ahash crypto_ahash_init crypto_ahash_digestsize crypto_ahash_reqtfm crypto_ahash_reqsize crypto_ahash_statesize crypto_ahash_setkey crypto_ahash_finup crypto_ahash_final crypto_ahash_digest crypto_ahash_export crypto_ahash_import
Asynchronous Hash Request Handle
--------------------------------

2
Documentation/crypto/api-skcipher.rst
View File

@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ Synchronous Block Cipher API - Deprecated
:doc: Synchronous Block Cipher API
.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/crypto.h
:functions: crypto_alloc_blkcipher rypto_free_blkcipher crypto_has_blkcipher crypto_blkcipher_name crypto_blkcipher_ivsize crypto_blkcipher_blocksize crypto_blkcipher_setkey crypto_blkcipher_encrypt crypto_blkcipher_encrypt_iv crypto_blkcipher_decrypt crypto_blkcipher_decrypt_iv crypto_blkcipher_set_iv crypto_blkcipher_get_iv
:functions: crypto_alloc_blkcipher crypto_free_blkcipher crypto_has_blkcipher crypto_blkcipher_name crypto_blkcipher_ivsize crypto_blkcipher_blocksize crypto_blkcipher_setkey crypto_blkcipher_encrypt crypto_blkcipher_encrypt_iv crypto_blkcipher_decrypt crypto_blkcipher_decrypt_iv crypto_blkcipher_set_iv crypto_blkcipher_get_iv

6
Documentation/dev-tools/sparse.rst
View File

@ -103,3 +103,9 @@ have already built it.
The optional make variable CF can be used to pass arguments to sparse. The
build system passes -Wbitwise to sparse automatically.
Checking RCU annotations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RCU annotations are not checked by default. To enable RCU annotation
checks, include -DCONFIG_SPARSE_RCU_POINTER in your CF flags.

4
Documentation/device-mapper/cache.txt
View File

@ -207,6 +207,10 @@ Optional feature arguments are:
block, then the cache block is invalidated.
To enable passthrough mode the cache must be clean.
metadata2 : use version 2 of the metadata. This stores the dirty bits
in a separate btree, which improves speed of shutting
down the cache.
A policy called 'default' is always registered. This is an alias for
the policy we currently think is giving best all round performance.

19
Documentation/device-mapper/dm-raid.txt
View File

@ -161,6 +161,15 @@ The target is named "raid" and it accepts the following parameters:
the RAID type (i.e. the allocation algorithm) as well, e.g.
changing from raid5_ls to raid5_n.
[journal_dev <dev>]
This option adds a journal device to raid4/5/6 raid sets and
uses it to close the 'write hole' caused by the non-atomic updates
to the component devices which can cause data loss during recovery.
The journal device is used as writethrough thus causing writes to
be throttled versus non-journaled raid4/5/6 sets.
Takeover/reshape is not possible with a raid4/5/6 journal device;
it has to be deconfigured before requesting these.
<#raid_devs>: The number of devices composing the array.
Each device consists of two entries. The first is the device
containing the metadata (if any); the second is the one containing the
@ -245,6 +254,9 @@ recovery. Here is a fuller description of the individual fields:
<data_offset> The current data offset to the start of the user data on
each component device of a raid set (see the respective
raid parameter to support out-of-place reshaping).
<journal_char> 'A' - active raid4/5/6 journal device.
'D' - dead journal device.
'-' - no journal device.
Message Interface
@ -307,10 +319,15 @@ Version History
1.5.2 'mismatch_cnt' is zero unless [last_]sync_action is "check".
1.6.0 Add discard support (and devices_handle_discard_safely module param).
1.7.0 Add support for MD RAID0 mappings.
1.8.0 Explictely check for compatible flags in the superblock metadata
1.8.0 Explicitly check for compatible flags in the superblock metadata
and reject to start the raid set if any are set by a newer
target version, thus avoiding data corruption on a raid set
with a reshape in progress.
1.9.0 Add support for RAID level takeover/reshape/region size
and set size reduction.
1.9.1 Fix activation of existing RAID 4/10 mapped devices
1.9.2 Don't emit '- -' on the status table line in case the constructor
fails reading a superblock. Correctly emit 'maj:min1 maj:min2' and
'D' on the status line. If '- -' is passed into the constructor, emit
'- -' on the table line and '-' as the status line health character.
1.10.0 Add support for raid4/5/6 journal device

2
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/amlogic.txt
View File

@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ Board compatible values:
- "hardkernel,odroid-c2" (Meson gxbb)
- "amlogic,p200" (Meson gxbb)
- "amlogic,p201" (Meson gxbb)
- "wetek,hub" (Meson gxbb)
- "wetek,play2" (Meson gxbb)
- "amlogic,p212" (Meson gxl s905x)
- "amlogic,p230" (Meson gxl s905d)
- "amlogic,p231" (Meson gxl s905d)

6
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/arch_timer.txt
View File

@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ to deliver its interrupts via SPIs.
This also affects writes to the tval register, due to the implicit
counter read.
- hisilicon,erratum-161010101 : A boolean property. Indicates the
presence of Hisilicon erratum 161010101, which says that reading the
counters is unreliable in some cases, and reads may return a value 32
beyond the correct value. This also affects writes to the tval
registers, due to the implicit counter read.
** Optional properties:
- arm,cpu-registers-not-fw-configured : Firmware does not initialize

19
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/axentia.txt 100644
View File

@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
Device tree bindings for Axentia ARM devices
============================================
Linea CPU module
----------------
Required root node properties:
compatible = "axentia,linea",
"atmel,sama5d31", "atmel,sama5d3", "atmel,sama5";
and following the rules from atmel-at91.txt for a sama5d31 SoC.
TSE-850 v3 board
----------------
Required root node properties:
compatible = "axentia,tse850v3", "axentia,linea",
"atmel,sama5d31", "atmel,sama5d3", "atmel,sama5";
and following the rules from above for the axentia,linea CPU module.

2
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/cpus.txt
View File

@ -158,6 +158,7 @@ nodes to be present and contain the properties described below.
"arm,cortex-a53"
"arm,cortex-a57"
"arm,cortex-a72"
"arm,cortex-a73"
"arm,cortex-m0"
"arm,cortex-m0+"
"arm,cortex-m1"
@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ nodes to be present and contain the properties described below.
"marvell,armada-380-smp"
"marvell,armada-390-smp"
"marvell,armada-xp-smp"
"marvell,98dx3236-smp"
"mediatek,mt6589-smp"
"mediatek,mt81xx-tz-smp"
"qcom,gcc-msm8660"

4
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/davinci.txt
View File

@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ EnBW AM1808 based CMC board
Required root node properties:
- compatible = "enbw,cmc", "ti,da850;
LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 (AM1808 based)
Required root node properties:
- compatible = "lego,ev3", "ti,da850";
Generic DaVinci Boards
----------------------

20
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/fsl.txt
View File

@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ status.
- compatible: Should contain a chip-specific compatible string,
Chip-specific strings are of the form "fsl,<chip>-scfg",
The following <chip>s are known to be supported:
ls1021a, ls1043a, ls1046a, ls2080a.
ls1012a, ls1021a, ls1043a, ls1046a, ls2080a.
- reg: should contain base address and length of SCFG memory-mapped registers
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ core start address and release the secondary core from holdoff and startup.
- compatible: Should contain a chip-specific compatible string,
Chip-specific strings are of the form "fsl,<chip>-dcfg",
The following <chip>s are known to be supported:
ls1021a, ls1043a, ls1046a, ls2080a.
ls1012a, ls1021a, ls1043a, ls1046a, ls2080a.
- reg : should contain base address and length of DCFG memory-mapped registers
@ -139,6 +139,22 @@ Example:
Freescale ARMv8 based Layerscape SoC family Device Tree Bindings
----------------------------------------------------------------
LS1012A SoC
Required root node properties:
- compatible = "fsl,ls1012a";
LS1012A ARMv8 based RDB Board
Required root node properties:
- compatible = "fsl,ls1012a-rdb", "fsl,ls1012a";
LS1012A ARMv8 based FRDM Board
Required root node properties:
- compatible = "fsl,ls1012a-frdm", "fsl,ls1012a";
LS1012A ARMv8 based QDS Board
Required root node properties:
- compatible = "fsl,ls1012a-qds", "fsl,ls1012a";
LS1043A SoC
Required root node properties:
- compatible = "fsl,ls1043a";

4
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/hisilicon/hisilicon.txt
View File

@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
Hisilicon Platforms Device Tree Bindings
----------------------------------------------------
Hi3660 SoC
Required root node properties:
- compatible = "hisilicon,hi3660";
Hi4511 Board
Required root node properties:
- compatible = "hisilicon,hi3620-hi4511";

16
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/marvell/98dx3236-resume-ctrl.txt 100644
View File

@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
Resume Control
--------------
Available on Marvell SOCs: 98DX3336 and 98DX4251
Required properties:
- compatible: must be "marvell,98dx3336-resume-ctrl"
- reg: Should contain resume control registers location and length
Example:
resume@20980 {
compatible = "marvell,98dx3336-resume-ctrl";
reg = <0x20980 0x10>;
};

23
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/marvell/98dx3236.txt 100644
View File

@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
Marvell 98DX3236, 98DX3336 and 98DX4251 Platforms Device Tree Bindings
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Boards with a SoC of the Marvell 98DX3236, 98DX3336 and 98DX4251 families
shall have the following property:
Required root node property:
compatible: must contain "marvell,armadaxp-98dx3236"
In addition, boards using the Marvell 98DX3336 SoC shall have the
following property:
Required root node property:
compatible: must contain "marvell,armadaxp-98dx3336"
In addition, boards using the Marvell 98DX4251 SoC shall have the
following property:
Required root node property:
compatible: must contain "marvell,armadaxp-98dx4251"

3
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/omap/omap.txt
View File

@ -151,6 +151,9 @@ Boards:
- AM335X SBC-T335 : single board computer, built around the Sitara AM3352/4
compatible = "compulab,sbc-t335", "compulab,cm-t335", "ti,am33xx"
- AM335X phyCORE-AM335x: Development kit
compatible = "phytec,am335x-pcm-953", "phytec,am335x-phycore-som", "ti,am33xx"
- OMAP5 EVM : Evaluation Module
compatible = "ti,omap5-evm", "ti,omap5"

2
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/shmobile.txt
View File

@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Boards:
compatible = "renesas,rskrza1", "renesas,r7s72100"
- Salvator-X (RTP0RC7795SIPB0010S)
compatible = "renesas,salvator-x", "renesas,r8a7795";
- Salvator-X
- Salvator-X (RTP0RC7796SIPB0011S)
compatible = "renesas,salvator-x", "renesas,r8a7796";
- SILK (RTP0RC7794LCB00011S)
compatible = "renesas,silk", "renesas,r8a7794"

1
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/sunxi.txt
View File

@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ using one of the following compatible strings:
allwinner,sun8i-a23
allwinner,sun8i-a33
allwinner,sun8i-a83t
allwinner,sun8i-h2-plus
allwinner,sun8i-h3
allwinner,sun9i-a80
allwinner,sun50i-a64

18
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/ata/ahci-da850.txt 100644
View File

@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
Device tree binding for the TI DA850 AHCI SATA Controller
---------------------------------------------------------
Required properties:
- compatible: must be "ti,da850-ahci"
- reg: physical base addresses and sizes of the two register regions
used by the controller: the register map as defined by the
AHCI 1.1 standard and the Power Down Control Register (PWRDN)
for enabling/disabling the SATA clock receiver
- interrupts: interrupt specifier (refer to the interrupt binding)
Example:
sata: sata@218000 {
compatible = "ti,da850-ahci";
reg = <0x218000 0x2000>, <0x22c018 0x4>;
interrupts = <67>;
};

6
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/bus/qcom,ebi2.txt
View File

@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Required properties:
- compatible: should be one of:
"qcom,msm8660-ebi2"
"qcom,apq8060-ebi2"
- #address-cells: shoule be <2>: the first cell is the chipselect,
- #address-cells: should be <2>: the first cell is the chipselect,
the second cell is the offset inside the memory range
- #size-cells: should be <1>
- ranges: should be set to:
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Required properties:
- reg: two ranges of registers: EBI2 config and XMEM config areas
- reg-names: should be "ebi2", "xmem"
- clocks: two clocks, EBI_2X and EBI
- clock-names: shoule be "ebi2x", "ebi2"
- clock-names: should be "ebi2x", "ebi2"
Optional subnodes:
- Nodes inside the EBI2 will be considered device nodes.
@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ Optional properties arrays for FAST chip selects:
assertion, with respect to the cycle where ADV (address valid) is asserted.
2 means 2 cycles between ADV and OE. Valid values 0, 1, 2 or 3.
- qcom,xmem-read-hold-cycles: the length in cycles of the first segment of a
read transfer. For a single read trandfer this will be the time from CS
read transfer. For a single read transfer this will be the time from CS
assertion to OE assertion. Valid values 0 thru 15.

15
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/clock/brcm,bcm2835-cprman.txt
View File

@ -16,7 +16,20 @@ Required properties:
- #clock-cells: Should be <1>. The permitted clock-specifier values can be
found in include/dt-bindings/clock/bcm2835.h
- reg: Specifies base physical address and size of the registers
- clocks: The external oscillator clock phandle
- clocks: phandles to the parent clocks used as input to the module, in
the following order:
- External oscillator
- DSI0 byte clock
- DSI0 DDR2 clock
- DSI0 DDR clock
- DSI1 byte clock
- DSI1 DDR2 clock
- DSI1 DDR clock
Only external oscillator is required. The DSI clocks may
not be present, in which case their children will be
unusable.
Example:

38
Documentation/devicetree/bindings/clock/exynos4415-clock.txt
View File

@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
* Samsung Exynos4415 Clock Controller
The Exynos4415 clock controller generates and supplies clock to various
consumer devices within the Exynos4415 SoC.
Required properties:
- compatible: should be one of the following:
- "samsung,exynos4415-cmu" - for the main system clocks controller
(CMU_LEFTBUS, CMU_RIGHTBUS, CMU_TOP, CMU_CPU clock domains).
- "samsung,exynos4415-cmu-dmc" - for the Exynos4415 SoC DRAM Memory
Controller (DMC) domain clock controller.
- reg: physical base address of the controller and length of memory mapped
region.
- #clock-cells: should be 1.
Each clock is assigned an identifier and client nodes can use this identifier
to specify the clock which they consume.
All available clocks are defined as preprocessor macros in
dt-bindings/clock/exynos4415.h header and can be used in device
tree sources.
Example 1: An example of a clock controller node is listed below.
cmu: clock-controller@10030000 {
compatible = "samsung,exynos4415-cmu";
reg = <0x10030000 0x18000>;
#clock-cells = <1>;
};
cmu-dmc: clock-controller@105C0000 {
compatible = "samsung,exynos4415-cmu-dmc";
reg = <0x105C0000 0x3000>;
#clock-cells = <1>;
};

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