For sw_flow_actions, the actions_len only represents the kernel part's
size, and when we dump the actions to the userspace, we will do the
convertions, so it's true size may become bigger than the actions_len.
But unfortunately, for OVS_PACKET_ATTR_ACTIONS, we use the actions_len
to alloc the skbuff, so the user_skb's size may become insufficient and
oops will happen like this:
skbuff: skb_over_panic: text:ffffffff8148fabf len:1749 put:157 head:
ffff881300f39000 data:ffff881300f39000 tail:0x6d5 end:0x6c0 dev:<NULL>
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at net/core/skbuff.c:129!
[...]
Call Trace:
<IRQ>
[<ffffffff8148be82>] skb_put+0x43/0x44
[<ffffffff8148fabf>] skb_zerocopy+0x6c/0x1f4
[<ffffffffa0290d36>] queue_userspace_packet+0x3a3/0x448 [openvswitch]
[<ffffffffa0292023>] ovs_dp_upcall+0x30/0x5c [openvswitch]
[<ffffffffa028d435>] output_userspace+0x132/0x158 [openvswitch]
[<ffffffffa01e6890>] ? ip6_rcv_finish+0x74/0x77 [ipv6]
[<ffffffffa028e277>] do_execute_actions+0xcc1/0xdc8 [openvswitch]
[<ffffffffa028e3f2>] ovs_execute_actions+0x74/0x106 [openvswitch]
[<ffffffffa0292130>] ovs_dp_process_packet+0xe1/0xfd [openvswitch]
[<ffffffffa0292b77>] ? key_extract+0x63c/0x8d5 [openvswitch]
[<ffffffffa029848b>] ovs_vport_receive+0xa1/0xc3 [openvswitch]
[...]
Also we can find that the actions_len is much little than the orig_len:
crash> struct sw_flow_actions 0xffff8812f539d000
struct sw_flow_actions {
rcu = {
next = 0xffff8812f5398800,
func = 0xffffe3b00035db32
},
orig_len = 1384,
actions_len = 592,
actions = 0xffff8812f539d01c
}
So as a quick fix, use the orig_len instead of the actions_len to alloc
the user_skb.
Last, this oops happened on our system running a relative old kernel, but
the same risk still exists on the mainline, since we use the wrong
actions_len from the beginning.
Fixes: ccea74457b ("openvswitch: include datapath actions with sampled-packet upcall to userspace")
Cc: Neil McKee <neil.mckee@inmon.com>
Signed-off-by: Liping Zhang <zlpnobody@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@ovn.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
I was trying to wrap my head around meaning of mru, and realised
that the second line of the comment defining it had somehow
ended up after the line defining cutlen, leading to much confusion.
Reorder the lines to make sense.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
With the introduction of open flow 'clone' action, the OVS user space
can now translate the 'clone' action into kernel datapath 'sample'
action, with 100% probability, to ensure that the clone semantics,
which is that the packet seen by the clone action is the same as the
packet seen by the action after clone, is faithfully carried out
in the datapath.
While the sample action in the datpath has the matching semantics,
its implementation is only optimized for its original use.
Specifically, there are two limitation: First, there is a 3 level of
nesting restriction, enforced at the flow downloading time. This
limit turns out to be too restrictive for the 'clone' use case.
Second, the implementation avoid recursive call only if the sample
action list has a single userspace action.
The main optimization implemented in this series removes the static
nesting limit check, instead, implement the run time recursion limit
check, and recursion avoidance similar to that of the 'recirc' action.
This optimization solve both #1 and #2 issues above.
One related optimization attempts to avoid copying flow key as
long as the actions enclosed does not change the flow key. The
detection is performed only once at the flow downloading time.
Another related optimization is to rewrite the action list
at flow downloading time in order to save the fast path from parsing
the sample action list in its original form repeatedly.
Signed-off-by: Andy Zhou <azhou@ovn.org>
Acked-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@ovn.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Make struct pernet_operations::id unsigned.
There are 2 reasons to do so:
1)
This field is really an index into an zero based array and
thus is unsigned entity. Using negative value is out-of-bound
access by definition.
2)
On x86_64 unsigned 32-bit data which are mixed with pointers
via array indexing or offsets added or subtracted to pointers
are preffered to signed 32-bit data.
"int" being used as an array index needs to be sign-extended
to 64-bit before being used.
void f(long *p, int i)
{
g(p[i]);
}
roughly translates to
movsx rsi, esi
mov rdi, [rsi+...]
call g
MOVSX is 3 byte instruction which isn't necessary if the variable is
unsigned because x86_64 is zero extending by default.
Now, there is net_generic() function which, you guessed it right, uses
"int" as an array index:
static inline void *net_generic(const struct net *net, int id)
{
...
ptr = ng->ptr[id - 1];
...
}
And this function is used a lot, so those sign extensions add up.
Patch snipes ~1730 bytes on allyesconfig kernel (without all junk
messing with code generation):
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 70/598 up/down: 396/-2126 (-1730)
Unfortunately some functions actually grow bigger.
This is a semmingly random artefact of code generation with register
allocator being used differently. gcc decides that some variable
needs to live in new r8+ registers and every access now requires REX
prefix. Or it is shifted into r12, so [r12+0] addressing mode has to be
used which is longer than [r8]
However, overall balance is in negative direction:
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 70/598 up/down: 396/-2126 (-1730)
function old new delta
nfsd4_lock 3886 3959 +73
tipc_link_build_proto_msg 1096 1140 +44
mac80211_hwsim_new_radio 2776 2808 +32
tipc_mon_rcv 1032 1058 +26
svcauth_gss_legacy_init 1413 1429 +16
tipc_bcbase_select_primary 379 392 +13
nfsd4_exchange_id 1247 1260 +13
nfsd4_setclientid_confirm 782 793 +11
...
put_client_renew_locked 494 480 -14
ip_set_sockfn_get 730 716 -14
geneve_sock_add 829 813 -16
nfsd4_sequence_done 721 703 -18
nlmclnt_lookup_host 708 686 -22
nfsd4_lockt 1085 1063 -22
nfs_get_client 1077 1050 -27
tcf_bpf_init 1106 1076 -30
nfsd4_encode_fattr 5997 5930 -67
Total: Before=154856051, After=154854321, chg -0.00%
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
The patch adds a new OVS action, OVS_ACTION_ATTR_TRUNC, in order to
truncate packets. A 'max_len' is added for setting up the maximum
packet size, and a 'cutlen' field is to record the number of bytes
to trim the packet when the packet is outputting to a port, or when
the packet is sent to userspace.
Signed-off-by: William Tu <u9012063@gmail.com>
Cc: Pravin Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@ovn.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This patch implements bookkeeping support to compute the maximum
headroom for all the devices in each datapath. When said value
changes, the underlying devs are notified via the
ndo_set_rx_headroom method.
This also increases the internal vports xmit performance.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
While transitioning to netdev based vport we broke OVS
feature which allows user to retrieve tunnel packet egress
information for lwtunnel devices. Following patch fixes it
by introducing ndo operation to get the tunnel egress info.
Same ndo operation can be used for lwtunnel devices and compat
ovs-tnl-vport devices. So after adding such device operation
we can remove similar operation from ovs-vport.
Fixes: 614732eaa1 ("openvswitch: Use regular VXLAN net_device device").
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Currently tun-info options pointer is used in few cases to
pass options around. But tunnel options can be accessed using
ip_tunnel_info_opts() API without using the pointer. Following
patch removes the redundant pointer and consistently make use
of API.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Reviewed-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
tun info is passed using skb-dst pointer. Now we have
converted all vports to netdev based implementation so
Now we can remove redundant pointer to tun-info from OVS_CB.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Allow matching and setting the ct_label field. As with ct_mark, this is
populated by executing the CT action. The label field may be modified by
specifying a label and mask nested under the CT action. It is stored as
metadata attached to the connection. Label modification occurs after
lookup, and will only persist when the conntrack entry is committed by
providing the COMMIT flag to the CT action. Labels are currently fixed
to 128 bits in size.
Signed-off-by: Joe Stringer <joestringer@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Acked-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Expose the kernel connection tracker via OVS. Userspace components can
make use of the CT action to populate the connection state (ct_state)
field for a flow. This state can be subsequently matched.
Exposed connection states are OVS_CS_F_*:
- NEW (0x01) - Beginning of a new connection.
- ESTABLISHED (0x02) - Part of an existing connection.
- RELATED (0x04) - Related to an established connection.
- INVALID (0x20) - Could not track the connection for this packet.
- REPLY_DIR (0x40) - This packet is in the reply direction for the flow.
- TRACKED (0x80) - This packet has been sent through conntrack.
When the CT action is executed by itself, it will send the packet
through the connection tracker and populate the ct_state field with one
or more of the connection state flags above. The CT action will always
set the TRACKED bit.
When the COMMIT flag is passed to the conntrack action, this specifies
that information about the connection should be stored. This allows
subsequent packets for the same (or related) connections to be
correlated with this connection. Sending subsequent packets for the
connection through conntrack allows the connection tracker to consider
the packets as ESTABLISHED, RELATED, and/or REPLY_DIR.
The CT action may optionally take a zone to track the flow within. This
allows connections with the same 5-tuple to be kept logically separate
from connections in other zones. If the zone is specified, then the
"ct_zone" match field will be subsequently populated with the zone id.
IP fragments are handled by transparently assembling them as part of the
CT action. The maximum received unit (MRU) size is tracked so that
refragmentation can occur during output.
IP frag handling contributed by Andy Zhou.
Based on original design by Justin Pettit.
Signed-off-by: Joe Stringer <joestringer@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Justin Pettit <jpettit@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Andy Zhou <azhou@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Acked-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This will allow the ovs-conntrack code to reuse these macros.
Signed-off-by: Joe Stringer <joestringer@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Acked-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Rename the tunnel metadata data structures currently internal to
OVS and make them generic for use by all IP tunnels.
Both structures are kernel internal and will stay that way. Their
members are exposed to user space through individual Netlink
attributes by OVS. It will therefore be possible to extend/modify
these structures without affecting user ABI.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
If new optional attribute OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_ACTIONS is added to an
OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE action, then include the datapath actions
in the upcall.
This Directly associates the sampled packet with the path it takes
through the virtual switch. Path information currently includes mangling,
encapsulation and decapsulation actions for tunneling protocols GRE,
VXLAN, Geneve, MPLS and QinQ, but this extension requires no further
changes to accommodate datapath actions that may be added in the
future.
Adding path information enhances visibility into complex virtual
networks.
Signed-off-by: Neil McKee <neil.mckee@inmon.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Having to say
> #ifdef CONFIG_NET_NS
> struct net *net;
> #endif
in structures is a little bit wordy and a little bit error prone.
Instead it is possible to say:
> typedef struct {
> #ifdef CONFIG_NET_NS
> struct net *net;
> #endif
> } possible_net_t;
And then in a header say:
> possible_net_t net;
Which is cleaner and easier to use and easier to test, as the
possible_net_t is always there no matter what the compile options.
Further this allows read_pnet and write_pnet to be functions in all
cases which is better at catching typos.
This change adds possible_net_t, updates the definitions of read_pnet
and write_pnet, updates optional struct net * variables that
write_pnet uses on to have the type possible_net_t, and finally fixes
up the b0rked users of read_pnet and write_pnet.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Acked-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This new flag is useful for suppressing error logging while probing
for datapath features using flow commands. For backwards
compatibility reasons the commands are executed normally, but error
logging is suppressed.
Signed-off-by: Jarno Rajahalme <jrajahalme@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
struct dp_upcall_info has pointer to pkt_key which is already
available in OVS_CB. This also simplifies upcall handling
for gso packet.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Andy Zhou <azhou@nicira.com>
OVS vswitch has extended IPFIX exporter to export tunnel headers
to improve network visibility.
To export this information userspace needs to know egress tunnel
for given packet. By extending packet attributes datapath can
export egress tunnel info for given packet. So that userspace
can ask for egress tunnel info in userspace action. This
information is used to build IPFIX data for given flow.
Signed-off-by: Wenyu Zhang <wenyuz@vmware.com>
Acked-by: Romain Lenglet <rlenglet@vmware.com>
Acked-by: Ben Pfaff <blp@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
The 'flow' memeber was chosen for removal because it's only used
in ovs_execute_actions() we can pass it as argument to this
function.
Signed-off-by: Lorand Jakab <lojakab@cisco.com>
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Currently, the flow information that is matched for tunnels and
the tunnel data passed around with packets is the same. However,
as additional information is added this is not necessarily desirable,
as in the case of pointers.
This adds a new structure for tunnel metadata which currently contains
only the existing struct. This change is purely internal to the kernel
since the current OVS_KEY_ATTR_IPV4_TUNNEL is simply a compressed version
of OVS_KEY_ATTR_TUNNEL that is translated at flow setup.
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Andy Zhou <azhou@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Recirc action allows a packet to reenter openvswitch processing.
currently openvswitch lookup flow for packet received and execute
set of actions on that packet, with help of recirc action we can
process/modify the packet and recirculate it back in openvswitch
for another pass.
OVS hash action calculates 5-tupple hash and set hash in flow-key
hash. This can be used along with recirculation for distributing
packets among different ports for bond devices.
For example:
OVS bonding can use following actions:
Match on: bond flow; Action: hash, recirc(id)
Match on: recirc-id == id and hash lower bits == a;
Action: output port_bond_a
Signed-off-by: Andy Zhou <azhou@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Currently tun_key is used for passing tunnel information
on ingress and egress path, this cause confusion. Following
patch removes its use on ingress path make it egress only parameter.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Andy Zhou <azhou@nicira.com>
OVS flow extract is called on packet receive or packet
execute code path. Following patch defines separate API
for extracting flow-key in packet execute code path.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Andy Zhou <azhou@nicira.com>
OVS keeps pointer to packet key in skb->cb, but the packet key is
store on stack. This could make code bit tricky. So it is better to
get rid of the pointer.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
No need for the unlikely(), WARN_ON() and BUG_ON() internally use
unlikely() on the condition.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Each use of pr_<level>_once has a per-site flag.
Some of the OVS_NLERR messages look as if seeing them
multiple times could be useful, so use net_ratelimit()
instead of pr_info_once.
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Openvswitch defines u64_stats_sync as ->sync rather than ->syncp,
so fails to compile with netdev_alloc_pcpu_stats(). So just rename it to ->syncp.
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Fixes: 1c213bd24a (net: introduce netdev_alloc_pcpu_stats() for drivers)
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Flavio Leitner <fbl@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Several functions and datastructures could be local
Found with 'make namespacecheck'
Signed-off-by: Stephen Hemminger <stephen@networkplumber.org>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Flow lookup can happen either in packet processing context or userspace
context but it was annotated as requiring RCU read lock to be held. This
also allows OVS mutex to be held without causing warnings.
Reported-by: Justin Pettit <jpettit@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@redhat.com>
This doesn't really change anything, but prepares for the
next patch that will change the APIs to pass the group ID
within the family, rather than the global group ID.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Collect mega flow mask stats. ovs-dpctl show command can be used to
display them for debugging and performance tuning.
Signed-off-by: Andy Zhou <azhou@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
ovs-flow rehash does not touch mega flow list. Following patch
moves it dp struct datapath. Avoid one extra indirection for
accessing mega-flow list head on every packet receive.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Over the time datapath.c and flow.c has became pretty large files.
Following patch restructures functionality of component into three
different components:
flow.c: contains flow extract.
flow_netlink.c: netlink flow api.
flow_table.c: flow table api.
This patch restructures code without changing logic.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Rehashing in ovs-workqueue can cause ovs-mutex lock contentions
in case of heavy flow setups where both needs ovs-mutex. So by
moving rehashing to flow-setup we can eliminate contention.
This also simplify ovs locking and reduces dependence on
workqueue.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Add wildcarded flow support in kernel datapath.
Wildcarded flow can improve OVS flow set up performance by avoid sending
matching new flows to the user space program. The exact performance boost
will largely dependent on wildcarded flow hit rate.
In case all new flows hits wildcard flows, the flow set up rate is
within 5% of that of linux bridge module.
Pravin has made significant contributions to this patch. Including API
clean ups and bug fixes.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Andy Zhou <azhou@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Add gre vport implementation. Most of gre protocol processing
is pushed to gre module. It make use of gre demultiplexer
therefore it can co-exist with linux device based gre tunnels.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Add ovs tunnel interface for set tunnel action for userspace.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Acked-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Currently OVS uses combination of genl and rtnl lock to protect
datapath state. This was done due to networking stack locking.
But this has complicated locking and there are few lock ordering
issues with new tunneling protocols.
Following patch simplifies locking by introducing new ovs mutex
and now this lock is used to protect entire ovs state.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Until now, the optional OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_USERDATA attribute had to be
exactly 64 bits long, if it was present. However, 64 bits is not enough
space to associate as much information with a flow as would be convenient
for some userspace features now under development. This commit generalizes
the attribute, allowing it to be any length.
This generalization is backward-compatible: if userspace only uses 64-bit
attributes, then it will not see any change in behavior.
CC: Romain Lenglet <rlenglet@vmware.com>
Signed-off-by: Ben Pfaff <blp@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
It is a frequent mistake to confuse the netlink port identifier with a
process identifier. Try to reduce this confusion by renaming fields
that hold port identifiers portid instead of pid.
I have carefully avoided changing the structures exported to
userspace to avoid changing the userspace API.
I have successfully built an allyesconfig kernel with this change.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Acked-by: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@vyatta.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Use hash table to store ports of datapath. Allow 64K ports per switch.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Following patch adds support for network namespace to openvswitch.
Since it must release devices when namespaces are destroyed, a
side effect of this patch is that the module no longer keeps a
refcount but instead cleans up any state when it is unloaded.
Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Replaced all instances of Nicira Networks(, Inc) to Nicira, Inc.
Signed-off-by: Raju Subramanian <rsubramanian@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Ben Pfaff <blp@nicira.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
remove version.h includes in net/openswitch/ as reported by make versioncheck.
Signed-off-by: Devendra Naga <devendra.aaru@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Open vSwitch is a multilayer Ethernet switch targeted at virtualized
environments. In addition to supporting a variety of features
expected in a traditional hardware switch, it enables fine-grained
programmatic extension and flow-based control of the network.
This control is useful in a wide variety of applications but is
particularly important in multi-server virtualization deployments,
which are often characterized by highly dynamic endpoints and the need
to maintain logical abstractions for multiple tenants.
The Open vSwitch datapath provides an in-kernel fast path for packet
forwarding. It is complemented by a userspace daemon, ovs-vswitchd,
which is able to accept configuration from a variety of sources and
translate it into packet processing rules.
See http://openvswitch.org for more information and userspace
utilities.
Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com>
Liping Zhang