stockfish/src/endgame.cpp

/*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
  Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Tord Romstad (Glaurung author)
  Copyright (C) 2008-2013 Marco Costalba, Joona Kiiski, Tord Romstad

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  GNU General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>

#include "bitboard.h"
#include "bitcount.h"
#include "endgame.h"
#include "movegen.h"

using std::string;

namespace {

  // Table used to drive the king towards the edge of the board
  // in KX vs K and KQ vs KR endgames.
  const int PushToEdges[SQUARE_NB] = {
    100, 90, 80, 70, 70, 80, 90, 100,
     90, 70, 60, 50, 50, 60, 70,  90,
     80, 60, 40, 30, 30, 40, 60,  80,
     70, 50, 30, 20, 20, 30, 50,  70,
     70, 50, 30, 20, 20, 30, 50,  70,
     80, 60, 40, 30, 30, 40, 60,  80,
     90, 70, 60, 50, 50, 60, 70,  90,
    100, 90, 80, 70, 70, 80, 90, 100,
  };

  // Table used to drive the king towards a corner square of the
  // right color in KBN vs K endgames.
  const int PushToCorners[SQUARE_NB] = {
    200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130,
    190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 140,
    180, 170, 155, 140, 140, 125, 140, 150,
    170, 160, 140, 120, 110, 140, 150, 160,
    160, 150, 140, 110, 120, 140, 160, 170,
    150, 140, 125, 140, 140, 155, 170, 180,
    140, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190,
    130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200
  };

  // Tables used to drive a piece towards or away from another piece
  const int PushClose[8] = { 0, 0, 100, 80, 60, 40, 20, 10 };
  const int PushAway [8] = { 0, 5, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, 100 };

#ifndef NDEBUG
  bool verify_material(const Position& pos, Color c, Value npm, int num_pawns) {
    return pos.non_pawn_material(c) == npm && pos.count<PAWN>(c) == num_pawns;
  }
#endif

  // Map the square as if strongSide is white and strongSide's only pawn
  // is on the left half of the board.
  Square normalize(const Position& pos, Color strongSide, Square sq) {

    assert(pos.count<PAWN>(strongSide) == 1);

    if (file_of(pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0]) >= FILE_E)
        sq = Square(sq ^ 7); // Mirror SQ_H1 -> SQ_A1

    if (strongSide == BLACK)
        sq = ~sq;

    return sq;
  }

  // Get the material key of a Position out of the given endgame key code
  // like "KBPKN". The trick here is to first forge an ad-hoc fen string
  // and then let a Position object to do the work for us. Note that the
  // fen string could correspond to an illegal position.
  Key key(const string& code, Color c) {

    assert(code.length() > 0 && code.length() < 8);
    assert(code[0] == 'K');

    string sides[] = { code.substr(code.find('K', 1)),      // Weak
                       code.substr(0, code.find('K', 1)) }; // Strong

    std::transform(sides[c].begin(), sides[c].end(), sides[c].begin(), tolower);

    string fen =  sides[0] + char('0' + int(8 - code.length()))
                + sides[1] + "/8/8/8/8/8/8/8 w - - 0 10";

    return Position(fen, false, NULL).material_key();
  }

  template<typename M>
  void delete_endgame(const typename M::value_type& p) { delete p.second; }

} // namespace


/// Endgames members definitions

Endgames::Endgames() {

  add<KPK>("KPK");
  add<KNNK>("KNNK");
  add<KBNK>("KBNK");
  add<KRKP>("KRKP");
  add<KRKB>("KRKB");
  add<KRKN>("KRKN");
  add<KQKP>("KQKP");
  add<KQKR>("KQKR");
  add<KBBKN>("KBBKN");

  add<KNPK>("KNPK");
  add<KNPKB>("KNPKB");
  add<KRPKR>("KRPKR");
  add<KRPKB>("KRPKB");
  add<KBPKB>("KBPKB");
  add<KBPKN>("KBPKN");
  add<KBPPKB>("KBPPKB");
  add<KRPPKRP>("KRPPKRP");
}

Endgames::~Endgames() {

  for_each(m1.begin(), m1.end(), delete_endgame<M1>);
  for_each(m2.begin(), m2.end(), delete_endgame<M2>);
}

template<EndgameType E>
void Endgames::add(const string& code) {

  map((Endgame<E>*)0)[key(code, WHITE)] = new Endgame<E>(WHITE);
  map((Endgame<E>*)0)[key(code, BLACK)] = new Endgame<E>(BLACK);
}


/// Mate with KX vs K. This function is used to evaluate positions with
/// King and plenty of material vs a lone king. It simply gives the
/// attacking side a bonus for driving the defending king towards the edge
/// of the board, and for keeping the distance between the two kings small.
template<>
Value Endgame<KXK>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, VALUE_ZERO, 0));
  assert(!pos.checkers()); // Eval is never called when in check

  // Stalemate detection with lone king
  if (pos.side_to_move() == weakSide && !MoveList<LEGAL>(pos).size())
      return VALUE_DRAW;

  Square winnerKSq = pos.king_square(strongSide);
  Square loserKSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);

  Value result =  pos.non_pawn_material(strongSide)
                + pos.count<PAWN>(strongSide) * PawnValueEg
                + PushToEdges[loserKSq]
                + PushClose[square_distance(winnerKSq, loserKSq)];

  if (   pos.count<QUEEN>(strongSide)
      || pos.count<ROOK>(strongSide)
      || pos.bishop_pair(strongSide))
      result += VALUE_KNOWN_WIN;

  return strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? result : -result;
}


/// Mate with KBN vs K. This is similar to KX vs K, but we have to drive the
/// defending king towards a corner square of the right color.
template<>
Value Endgame<KBNK>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, KnightValueMg + BishopValueMg, 0));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, VALUE_ZERO, 0));

  Square winnerKSq = pos.king_square(strongSide);
  Square loserKSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);
  Square bishopSq = pos.list<BISHOP>(strongSide)[0];

  // kbnk_mate_table() tries to drive toward corners A1 or H8,
  // if we have a bishop that cannot reach the above squares we
  // flip the kings so to drive enemy toward corners A8 or H1.
  if (opposite_colors(bishopSq, SQ_A1))
  {
      winnerKSq = ~winnerKSq;
      loserKSq  = ~loserKSq;
  }

  Value result =  VALUE_KNOWN_WIN
                + PushClose[square_distance(winnerKSq, loserKSq)]
                + PushToCorners[loserKSq];

  return strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? result : -result;
}


/// KP vs K. This endgame is evaluated with the help of a bitbase.
template<>
Value Endgame<KPK>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, VALUE_ZERO, 1));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, VALUE_ZERO, 0));

  // Assume strongSide is white and the pawn is on files A-D
  Square wksq = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.king_square(strongSide));
  Square bksq = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.king_square(weakSide));
  Square psq  = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0]);

  Color us = strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? WHITE : BLACK;

  if (!Bitbases::probe_kpk(wksq, psq, bksq, us))
      return VALUE_DRAW;

  Value result = VALUE_KNOWN_WIN + PawnValueEg + Value(rank_of(psq));

  return strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? result : -result;
}


/// KR vs KP. This is a somewhat tricky endgame to evaluate precisely without
/// a bitbase. The function below returns drawish scores when the pawn is
/// far advanced with support of the king, while the attacking king is far
/// away.
template<>
Value Endgame<KRKP>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, RookValueMg, 0));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, VALUE_ZERO, 1));

  Square wksq = relative_square(strongSide, pos.king_square(strongSide));
  Square bksq = relative_square(strongSide, pos.king_square(weakSide));
  Square rsq  = relative_square(strongSide, pos.list<ROOK>(strongSide)[0]);
  Square psq  = relative_square(strongSide, pos.list<PAWN>(weakSide)[0]);

  Square queeningSq = file_of(psq) | RANK_1;
  Value result;

  // If the stronger side's king is in front of the pawn, it's a win
  if (wksq < psq && file_of(wksq) == file_of(psq))
      result = RookValueEg - Value(square_distance(wksq, psq));

  // If the weaker side's king is too far from the pawn and the rook,
  // it's a win.
  else if (   square_distance(bksq, psq) >= 3 + (pos.side_to_move() == weakSide)
           && square_distance(bksq, rsq) >= 3)
      result = RookValueEg - Value(square_distance(wksq, psq));

  // If the pawn is far advanced and supported by the defending king,
  // the position is drawish
  else if (   rank_of(bksq) <= RANK_3
           && square_distance(bksq, psq) == 1
           && rank_of(wksq) >= RANK_4
           && square_distance(wksq, psq) > 2 + (pos.side_to_move() == strongSide))
      result = Value(80 - square_distance(wksq, psq) * 8);

  else
      result =  Value(200)
              - Value(square_distance(wksq, psq + DELTA_S) * 8)
              + Value(square_distance(bksq, psq + DELTA_S) * 8)
              + Value(square_distance(psq, queeningSq) * 8);

  return strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? result : -result;
}


/// KR vs KB. This is very simple, and always returns drawish scores.  The
/// score is slightly bigger when the defending king is close to the edge.
template<>
Value Endgame<KRKB>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, RookValueMg, 0));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, BishopValueMg, 0));

  Value result = Value(PushToEdges[pos.king_square(weakSide)]);
  return strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? result : -result;
}


/// KR vs KN.  The attacking side has slightly better winning chances than
/// in KR vs KB, particularly if the king and the knight are far apart.
template<>
Value Endgame<KRKN>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, RookValueMg, 0));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, KnightValueMg, 0));

  Square bksq = pos.king_square(weakSide);
  Square bnsq = pos.list<KNIGHT>(weakSide)[0];
  Value result = Value(PushToEdges[bksq] + PushAway[square_distance(bksq, bnsq)]);
  return strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? result : -result;
}


/// KQ vs KP.  In general, a win for the stronger side, however, there are a few
/// important exceptions.  Pawn on 7th rank, A,C,F or H file, with king next can
/// be a draw, so we scale down to distance between kings only.
template<>
Value Endgame<KQKP>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, QueenValueMg, 0));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, VALUE_ZERO, 1));

  Square winnerKSq = pos.king_square(strongSide);
  Square loserKSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);
  Square pawnSq = pos.list<PAWN>(weakSide)[0];

  Value result = Value(PushClose[square_distance(winnerKSq, loserKSq)]);

  if (   relative_rank(weakSide, pawnSq) != RANK_7
      || square_distance(loserKSq, pawnSq) != 1
      || !((FileABB | FileCBB | FileFBB | FileHBB) & pawnSq))
      result += QueenValueEg - PawnValueEg;

  return strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? result : -result;
}


/// KQ vs KR.  This is almost identical to KX vs K:  We give the attacking
/// king a bonus for having the kings close together, and for forcing the
/// defending king towards the edge.  If we also take care to avoid null move
/// for the defending side in the search, this is usually sufficient to be
/// able to win KQ vs KR.
template<>
Value Endgame<KQKR>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, QueenValueMg, 0));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, RookValueMg, 0));

  Square winnerKSq = pos.king_square(strongSide);
  Square loserKSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);

  Value result =  QueenValueEg
                - RookValueEg
                + PushToEdges[loserKSq]
                + PushClose[square_distance(winnerKSq, loserKSq)];

  return strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? result : -result;
}


/// KBB vs KN. This is almost always a win. We try to push enemy king to a corner
/// and away from his knight. For a reference of this difficult endgame see:
/// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_endgame#Effect_of_tablebases_on_endgame_theory

template<>
Value Endgame<KBBKN>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, 2 * BishopValueMg, 0));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, KnightValueMg, 0));

  Square winnerKSq = pos.king_square(strongSide);
  Square loserKSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);
  Square knightSq = pos.list<KNIGHT>(weakSide)[0];

  Value result =  VALUE_KNOWN_WIN
                + PushToCorners[loserKSq]
                + PushClose[square_distance(winnerKSq, loserKSq)]
                + PushAway[square_distance(loserKSq, knightSq)];

  return strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? result : -result;
}


/// Some cases of trivial draws
template<> Value Endgame<KNNK>::operator()(const Position&) const { return VALUE_DRAW; }
template<> Value Endgame<KmmKm>::operator()(const Position&) const { return VALUE_DRAW; }


/// K, bishop and one or more pawns vs K. It checks for draws with rook pawns and
/// a bishop of the wrong color. If such a draw is detected, SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW
/// is returned. If not, the return value is SCALE_FACTOR_NONE, i.e. no scaling
/// will be used.
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KBPsK>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(pos.non_pawn_material(strongSide) == BishopValueMg);
  assert(pos.count<PAWN>(strongSide) >= 1);

  // No assertions about the material of weakSide, because we want draws to
  // be detected even when the weaker side has some pawns.

  Bitboard pawns = pos.pieces(strongSide, PAWN);
  File pawnFile = file_of(pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0]);

  // All pawns are on a single rook file ?
  if (    (pawnFile == FILE_A || pawnFile == FILE_H)
      && !(pawns & ~file_bb(pawnFile)))
  {
      Square bishopSq = pos.list<BISHOP>(strongSide)[0];
      Square queeningSq = relative_square(strongSide, pawnFile | RANK_8);
      Square kingSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);

      if (   opposite_colors(queeningSq, bishopSq)
          && square_distance(queeningSq, kingSq) <= 1)
          return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;
  }

  // All pawns on same B or G file? Then potential draw
  if (    (pawnFile == FILE_B || pawnFile == FILE_G)
      && !(pos.pieces(PAWN) & ~file_bb(pawnFile))
      && pos.non_pawn_material(weakSide) == 0
      && pos.count<PAWN>(weakSide) >= 1)
  {
      // Get weakSide pawn that is closest to home rank
      Square weakPawnSq = backmost_sq(weakSide, pos.pieces(weakSide, PAWN));

      Square strongKingSq = pos.king_square(strongSide);
      Square weakKingSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);
      Square bishopSq = pos.list<BISHOP>(strongSide)[0];

      // Potential for a draw if our pawn is blocked on the 7th rank
      // the bishop cannot attack it or they only have one pawn left
      if (   relative_rank(strongSide, weakPawnSq) == RANK_7
          && (pos.pieces(strongSide, PAWN) & (weakPawnSq + pawn_push(weakSide)))
          && (opposite_colors(bishopSq, weakPawnSq) || pos.count<PAWN>(strongSide) == 1))
      {
          int strongKingDist = square_distance(weakPawnSq, strongKingSq);
          int weakKingDist = square_distance(weakPawnSq, weakKingSq);

          // Draw if the weak king is on it's back two ranks, within 2
          // squares of the blocking pawn and the strong king is not
          // closer. (I think this rule only fails in practically
          // unreachable positions such as 5k1K/6p1/6P1/8/8/3B4/8/8 w
          // and positions where qsearch will immediately correct the
          // problem such as 8/4k1p1/6P1/1K6/3B4/8/8/8 w)
          if (   relative_rank(strongSide, weakKingSq) >= RANK_7
              && weakKingDist <= 2
              && weakKingDist <= strongKingDist)
              return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;
      }
  }

  return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
}


/// K and queen vs K, rook and one or more pawns. It tests for fortress draws with
/// a rook on the third rank defended by a pawn.
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KQKRPs>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, QueenValueMg, 0));
  assert(pos.count<ROOK>(weakSide) == 1);
  assert(pos.count<PAWN>(weakSide) >= 1);

  Square kingSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);
  Square rsq = pos.list<ROOK>(weakSide)[0];

  if (    relative_rank(weakSide, kingSq) <= RANK_2
      &&  relative_rank(weakSide, pos.king_square(strongSide)) >= RANK_4
      &&  relative_rank(weakSide, rsq) == RANK_3
      && (  pos.pieces(weakSide, PAWN)
          & pos.attacks_from<KING>(kingSq)
          & pos.attacks_from<PAWN>(rsq, strongSide)))
          return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

  return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
}


/// K, rook and one pawn vs K and a rook. This function knows a handful of the
/// most important classes of drawn positions, but is far from perfect. It would
/// probably be a good idea to add more knowledge in the future.
///
/// It would also be nice to rewrite the actual code for this function,
/// which is mostly copied from Glaurung 1.x, and not very pretty.
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KRPKR>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, RookValueMg, 1));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide,   RookValueMg, 0));

  // Assume strongSide is white and the pawn is on files A-D
  Square wksq = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.king_square(strongSide));
  Square bksq = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.king_square(weakSide));
  Square wrsq = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.list<ROOK>(strongSide)[0]);
  Square wpsq = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0]);
  Square brsq = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.list<ROOK>(weakSide)[0]);

  File f = file_of(wpsq);
  Rank r = rank_of(wpsq);
  Square queeningSq = f | RANK_8;
  int tempo = (pos.side_to_move() == strongSide);

  // If the pawn is not too far advanced and the defending king defends the
  // queening square, use the third-rank defence.
  if (   r <= RANK_5
      && square_distance(bksq, queeningSq) <= 1
      && wksq <= SQ_H5
      && (rank_of(brsq) == RANK_6 || (r <= RANK_3 && rank_of(wrsq) != RANK_6)))
      return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

  // The defending side saves a draw by checking from behind in case the pawn
  // has advanced to the 6th rank with the king behind.
  if (   r == RANK_6
      && square_distance(bksq, queeningSq) <= 1
      && rank_of(wksq) + tempo <= RANK_6
      && (rank_of(brsq) == RANK_1 || (!tempo && abs(file_of(brsq) - f) >= 3)))
      return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

  if (   r >= RANK_6
      && bksq == queeningSq
      && rank_of(brsq) == RANK_1
      && (!tempo || square_distance(wksq, wpsq) >= 2))
      return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

  // White pawn on a7 and rook on a8 is a draw if black's king is on g7 or h7
  // and the black rook is behind the pawn.
  if (   wpsq == SQ_A7
      && wrsq == SQ_A8
      && (bksq == SQ_H7 || bksq == SQ_G7)
      && file_of(brsq) == FILE_A
      && (rank_of(brsq) <= RANK_3 || file_of(wksq) >= FILE_D || rank_of(wksq) <= RANK_5))
      return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

  // If the defending king blocks the pawn and the attacking king is too far
  // away, it's a draw.
  if (   r <= RANK_5
      && bksq == wpsq + DELTA_N
      && square_distance(wksq, wpsq) - tempo >= 2
      && square_distance(wksq, brsq) - tempo >= 2)
      return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

  // Pawn on the 7th rank supported by the rook from behind usually wins if the
  // attacking king is closer to the queening square than the defending king,
  // and the defending king cannot gain tempi by threatening the attacking rook.
  if (   r == RANK_7
      && f != FILE_A
      && file_of(wrsq) == f
      && wrsq != queeningSq
      && (square_distance(wksq, queeningSq) < square_distance(bksq, queeningSq) - 2 + tempo)
      && (square_distance(wksq, queeningSq) < square_distance(bksq, wrsq) + tempo))
      return ScaleFactor(SCALE_FACTOR_MAX - 2 * square_distance(wksq, queeningSq));

  // Similar to the above, but with the pawn further back
  if (   f != FILE_A
      && file_of(wrsq) == f
      && wrsq < wpsq
      && (square_distance(wksq, queeningSq) < square_distance(bksq, queeningSq) - 2 + tempo)
      && (square_distance(wksq, wpsq + DELTA_N) < square_distance(bksq, wpsq + DELTA_N) - 2 + tempo)
      && (  square_distance(bksq, wrsq) + tempo >= 3
          || (    square_distance(wksq, queeningSq) < square_distance(bksq, wrsq) + tempo
              && (square_distance(wksq, wpsq + DELTA_N) < square_distance(bksq, wrsq) + tempo))))
      return ScaleFactor(  SCALE_FACTOR_MAX
                         - 8 * square_distance(wpsq, queeningSq)
                         - 2 * square_distance(wksq, queeningSq));

  // If the pawn is not far advanced, and the defending king is somewhere in
  // the pawn's path, it's probably a draw.
  if (r <= RANK_4 && bksq > wpsq)
  {
      if (file_of(bksq) == file_of(wpsq))
          return ScaleFactor(10);
      if (   abs(file_of(bksq) - file_of(wpsq)) == 1
          && square_distance(wksq, bksq) > 2)
          return ScaleFactor(24 - 2 * square_distance(wksq, bksq));
  }
  return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
}

template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KRPKB>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, RookValueMg, 1));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, BishopValueMg, 0));

  // Test for a rook pawn
  if (pos.pieces(PAWN) & (FileABB | FileHBB))
  {
      Square ksq = pos.king_square(weakSide);
      Square bsq = pos.list<BISHOP>(weakSide)[0];
      Square psq = pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0];
      Rank rk = relative_rank(strongSide, psq);
      Square push = pawn_push(strongSide);

      // If the pawn is on the 5th rank and the pawn (currently) is on
      // the same color square as the bishop then there is a chance of
      // a fortress. Depending on the king position give a moderate
      // reduction or a stronger one if the defending king is near the
      // corner but not trapped there.
      if (rk == RANK_5 && !opposite_colors(bsq, psq))
      {
          int d = square_distance(psq + 3 * push, ksq);

          if (d <= 2 && !(d == 0 && ksq == pos.king_square(strongSide) + 2 * push))
              return ScaleFactor(24);
          else
              return ScaleFactor(48);
      }

      // When the pawn has moved to the 6th rank we can be fairly sure
      // it's drawn if the bishop attacks the square in front of the
      // pawn from a reasonable distance and the defending king is near
      // the corner
      if (   rk == RANK_6
          && square_distance(psq + 2 * push, ksq) <= 1
          && (PseudoAttacks[BISHOP][bsq] & (psq + push))
          && file_distance(bsq, psq) >= 2)
          return ScaleFactor(8);
  }

  return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
}

/// K, rook and two pawns vs K, rook and one pawn. There is only a single
/// pattern: If the stronger side has no passed pawns and the defending king
/// is actively placed, the position is drawish.
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KRPPKRP>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, RookValueMg, 2));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide,   RookValueMg, 1));

  Square wpsq1 = pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0];
  Square wpsq2 = pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[1];
  Square bksq = pos.king_square(weakSide);

  // Does the stronger side have a passed pawn?
  if (pos.pawn_passed(strongSide, wpsq1) || pos.pawn_passed(strongSide, wpsq2))
      return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;

  Rank r = std::max(relative_rank(strongSide, wpsq1), relative_rank(strongSide, wpsq2));

  if (   file_distance(bksq, wpsq1) <= 1
      && file_distance(bksq, wpsq2) <= 1
      && relative_rank(strongSide, bksq) > r)
  {
      switch (r) {
      case RANK_2: return ScaleFactor(10);
      case RANK_3: return ScaleFactor(10);
      case RANK_4: return ScaleFactor(15);
      case RANK_5: return ScaleFactor(20);
      case RANK_6: return ScaleFactor(40);
      default: assert(false);
      }
  }
  return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
}


/// K and two or more pawns vs K. There is just a single rule here: If all pawns
/// are on the same rook file and are blocked by the defending king, it's a draw.
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KPsK>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(pos.non_pawn_material(strongSide) == VALUE_ZERO);
  assert(pos.count<PAWN>(strongSide) >= 2);
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, VALUE_ZERO, 0));

  Square ksq = pos.king_square(weakSide);
  Bitboard pawns = pos.pieces(strongSide, PAWN);
  Square psq = pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0];

  // If all pawns are ahead of the king, all pawns are on a single
  // rook file and the king is within one file of the pawns then draw.
  if (   !(pawns & ~in_front_bb(weakSide, rank_of(ksq)))
      && !((pawns & ~FileABB) && (pawns & ~FileHBB))
      && file_distance(ksq, psq) <= 1)
      return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

  return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
}


/// K, bishop and a pawn vs K and a bishop. There are two rules: If the defending
/// king is somewhere along the path of the pawn, and the square of the king is
/// not of the same color as the stronger side's bishop, it's a draw. If the two
/// bishops have opposite color, it's almost always a draw.
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KBPKB>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, BishopValueMg, 1));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide,   BishopValueMg, 0));

  Square pawnSq = pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0];
  Square strongBishopSq = pos.list<BISHOP>(strongSide)[0];
  Square weakBishopSq = pos.list<BISHOP>(weakSide)[0];
  Square weakKingSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);

  // Case 1: Defending king blocks the pawn, and cannot be driven away
  if (   file_of(weakKingSq) == file_of(pawnSq)
      && relative_rank(strongSide, pawnSq) < relative_rank(strongSide, weakKingSq)
      && (   opposite_colors(weakKingSq, strongBishopSq)
          || relative_rank(strongSide, weakKingSq) <= RANK_6))
      return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

  // Case 2: Opposite colored bishops
  if (opposite_colors(strongBishopSq, weakBishopSq))
  {
      // We assume that the position is drawn in the following three situations:
      //
      //   a. The pawn is on rank 5 or further back.
      //   b. The defending king is somewhere in the pawn's path.
      //   c. The defending bishop attacks some square along the pawn's path,
      //      and is at least three squares away from the pawn.
      //
      // These rules are probably not perfect, but in practice they work
      // reasonably well.

      if (relative_rank(strongSide, pawnSq) <= RANK_5)
          return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;
      else
      {
          Bitboard path = forward_bb(strongSide, pawnSq);

          if (path & pos.pieces(weakSide, KING))
              return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

          if (  (pos.attacks_from<BISHOP>(weakBishopSq) & path)
              && square_distance(weakBishopSq, pawnSq) >= 3)
              return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;
      }
  }
  return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
}


/// K, bishop and two pawns vs K and bishop. It detects a few basic draws with
/// opposite-colored bishops.
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KBPPKB>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, BishopValueMg, 2));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide,   BishopValueMg, 0));

  Square wbsq = pos.list<BISHOP>(strongSide)[0];
  Square bbsq = pos.list<BISHOP>(weakSide)[0];

  if (!opposite_colors(wbsq, bbsq))
      return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;

  Square ksq = pos.king_square(weakSide);
  Square psq1 = pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0];
  Square psq2 = pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[1];
  Rank r1 = rank_of(psq1);
  Rank r2 = rank_of(psq2);
  Square blockSq1, blockSq2;

  if (relative_rank(strongSide, psq1) > relative_rank(strongSide, psq2))
  {
      blockSq1 = psq1 + pawn_push(strongSide);
      blockSq2 = file_of(psq2) | rank_of(psq1);
  }
  else
  {
      blockSq1 = psq2 + pawn_push(strongSide);
      blockSq2 = file_of(psq1) | rank_of(psq2);
  }

  switch (file_distance(psq1, psq2))
  {
  case 0:
    // Both pawns are on the same file. Easy draw if defender firmly controls
    // some square in the frontmost pawn's path.
    if (   file_of(ksq) == file_of(blockSq1)
        && relative_rank(strongSide, ksq) >= relative_rank(strongSide, blockSq1)
        && opposite_colors(ksq, wbsq))
        return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;
    else
        return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;

  case 1:
    // Pawns on adjacent files. Draw if defender firmly controls the square
    // in front of the frontmost pawn's path, and the square diagonally behind
    // this square on the file of the other pawn.
    if (   ksq == blockSq1
        && opposite_colors(ksq, wbsq)
        && (   bbsq == blockSq2
            || (pos.attacks_from<BISHOP>(blockSq2) & pos.pieces(weakSide, BISHOP))
            || abs(r1 - r2) >= 2))
        return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

    else if (   ksq == blockSq2
             && opposite_colors(ksq, wbsq)
             && (   bbsq == blockSq1
                 || (pos.attacks_from<BISHOP>(blockSq1) & pos.pieces(weakSide, BISHOP))))
        return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;
    else
        return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;

  default:
    // The pawns are not on the same file or adjacent files. No scaling.
    return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
  }
}


/// K, bisop and a pawn vs K and knight. There is a single rule: If the defending
/// king is somewhere along the path of the pawn, and the square of the king is
/// not of the same color as the stronger side's bishop, it's a draw.
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KBPKN>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, BishopValueMg, 1));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, KnightValueMg, 0));

  Square pawnSq = pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0];
  Square strongBishopSq = pos.list<BISHOP>(strongSide)[0];
  Square weakKingSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);

  if (   file_of(weakKingSq) == file_of(pawnSq)
      && relative_rank(strongSide, pawnSq) < relative_rank(strongSide, weakKingSq)
      && (   opposite_colors(weakKingSq, strongBishopSq)
          || relative_rank(strongSide, weakKingSq) <= RANK_6))
      return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

  return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
}


/// K, knight and a pawn vs K. There is a single rule: If the pawn is a rook pawn
/// on the 7th rank and the defending king prevents the pawn from advancing, the
/// position is drawn.
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KNPK>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, KnightValueMg, 1));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide, VALUE_ZERO, 0));

  // Assume strongSide is white and the pawn is on files A-D
  Square pawnSq     = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0]);
  Square weakKingSq = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.king_square(weakSide));

  if (pawnSq == SQ_A7 && square_distance(SQ_A8, weakKingSq) <= 1)
      return SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;

  return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
}


/// K, knight and a pawn vs K and bishop. If knight can block bishop from taking
/// pawn, it's a win. Otherwise, drawn.
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KNPKB>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  Square pawnSq = pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0];
  Square bishopSq = pos.list<BISHOP>(weakSide)[0];
  Square weakKingSq = pos.king_square(weakSide);

  // King needs to get close to promoting pawn to prevent knight from blocking.
  // Rules for this are very tricky, so just approximate.
  if (forward_bb(strongSide, pawnSq) & pos.attacks_from<BISHOP>(bishopSq))
      return ScaleFactor(square_distance(weakKingSq, pawnSq));

  return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;
}


/// K and a pawn vs K and a pawn. This is done by removing the weakest side's
/// pawn and probing the KP vs K bitbase: If the weakest side has a draw without
/// the pawn, she probably has at least a draw with the pawn as well. The exception
/// is when the stronger side's pawn is far advanced and not on a rook file; in
/// this case it is often possible to win (e.g. 8/4k3/3p4/3P4/6K1/8/8/8 w - - 0 1).
template<>
ScaleFactor Endgame<KPKP>::operator()(const Position& pos) const {

  assert(verify_material(pos, strongSide, VALUE_ZERO, 1));
  assert(verify_material(pos, weakSide,   VALUE_ZERO, 1));

  // Assume strongSide is white and the pawn is on files A-D
  Square wksq = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.king_square(strongSide));
  Square bksq = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.king_square(weakSide));
  Square psq  = normalize(pos, strongSide, pos.list<PAWN>(strongSide)[0]);

  Color us = strongSide == pos.side_to_move() ? WHITE : BLACK;

  // If the pawn has advanced to the fifth rank or further, and is not a
  // rook pawn, it's too dangerous to assume that it's at least a draw.
  if (rank_of(psq) >= RANK_5 && file_of(psq) != FILE_A)
      return SCALE_FACTOR_NONE;

  // Probe the KPK bitbase with the weakest side's pawn removed. If it's a draw,
  // it's probably at least a draw even with the pawn.
  return Bitbases::probe_kpk(wksq, psq, bksq, us) ? SCALE_FACTOR_NONE : SCALE_FACTOR_DRAW;
}