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% Hardware.tex
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% SatNOGS Optical Unofficial Guide
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% Copyright (C) 2022, Jeff Moe
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% This document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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% International Public License (CC BY-SA 4.0) by Jeff Moe.
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\section{Overview of Hardware}
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\label{sec:hardware-overview}
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\index{hardware}
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Hardware considerations for a \gls{SatNOGS-Optical} \gls{ground-station}.
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Main hardware components in an \gls{optical-ground-station}:
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\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Lens. \index{lens}
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\item Camera. \index{camera}
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\item \Gls{embedded-system} (computer).
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\end{itemize}
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\end{mdframed}
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\index{lens}\index{camera}
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Other components:
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\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Ethernet cable. \index{ethernet}
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\item \gls{USB} cable.
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\item Enclosure. \index{enclosure}
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\item Power supply. \index{power supply}
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\item Tripod. \index{tripod}
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\item Manual or tracking mount. \index{mount}\index{track}
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\item Power source, grid or alternative.
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\item Internet, wifi or ethernet.\index{ethernet}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{mdframed}
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\index{ethernet}\index{enclosure}\index{power supply}
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\index{tripod}\index{mount}\index{wifi}
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\section{Camera}
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\label{sec:hardware-camera}
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\index{camera}
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% XXX aravis
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Cameras being evaluated:
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\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
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\begin{itemize}
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\item The Imaging Source IMX174 based, monochrome. \index{The Imaging Source}\index{IMX174}
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\item ZWO ASI174MM, monochrome. \index{ZWO ASI}
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\item ZWO ASI1600MM Pro, monochrome. \index{ZWO ASI}
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\item \gls{DSLR} camera.
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\item PiCamera. \index{PiCamera}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{mdframed}
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\fbox{
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\parbox{\linewidth}{
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\textcolor{red}{NOTICE:} \\
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ZWO/ASI cameras require proprietary non-\gls{libre} software on host computer and is not \gls{DFSG} compatible.
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\index{proprietary}
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}
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}
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\section{Lenses}
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\label{sec:hardware-lenses}
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\index{lens}
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For lenses, the faster the better.
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F1.2 works well.
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F1.8 is the maximum recommended.
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Lenses being tested:
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\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Kowa 50mm f1.4 C-mount. \index{Kowa}
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\item Canon EF 50mm f1.2 \gls{USM}. \index{Canon}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{mdframed}
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\section{Embedded System}
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\label{sec:hardware-computer}
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\index{hardware}
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\Glspl{embedded-system}, such as \gls{Raspberry-Pi}, that can be used.
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\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
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\begin{description}
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\item [Odroid N2] --- Confirmed working. \index{Odroid}
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\item [Odroid M1] --- Testing.
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\item [\gls{Raspberry-Pi} 3] --- ?
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\item [\gls{Raspberry-Pi} 4] --- ?
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\item [Intel \gls{NUC}] --- ? \index{Intel}
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\end{description}
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\end{mdframed}
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\subsection{Embedded Systems Comparison}
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Comparing \glspl{embedded-system} for \gls{SatNOGS-Optical}.
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\begin{center}
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\begin{table}[ht]
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\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
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\begin{center}
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\hspace*{-1.5cm}
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\begin{tabularx}{250pt}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
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\hline
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Make & Model & Architecture & Max RAM & eMMC\\
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\hline
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Odroid & N2 & ARM64 & 4 GB & Yes\\
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\hline
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Odroid & M1 & ARM64 & 8 GB & Yes\\
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\hline
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\end{tabularx}
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\caption{Comparison of embedded systems}
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\label{compare-embed}
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\end{center}
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\end{mdframed}
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\end{table}
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\end{center}
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\index{Odroid}\index{ARM64}\index{eMMC}
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\section{Example Optical Ground Station with Tracking}
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\label{sec:hardware-tracking-ground-station}
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\index{mount}\index{track}
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\index{tripod}
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This is an example of a tracking \gls{ground-station}.
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It is a prototype, so there are lots of mis-matched,
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overbuilt/underbuilt parts.
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The full setup on tripod, can be seen in
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\ref{fig:video-enclosure-mount-tripod}, page \pageref{fig:video-enclosure-mount-tripod}.
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A close up of the setup can be seen at
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\ref{fig:video-enclosure-mount}, page \pageref{fig:video-enclosure-mount},
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showing the Sky-Watcher \gls{telescope} tracking mount,
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a Bosch \gls{PoE} camera enclosure,
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and through the glass the camera lens.
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\index{Sky-Watcher}\index{mount}\index{Bosch}\index{camera}
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\index{lens}
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In the background is a white \gls{antenna} for \gls{GNSS} (\gls{GPS}) and a solar power setup.
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\index{solar power}
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\begin{figure}[p!]
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=1.00\textheight,width=1.00\textwidth,angle=0]{video-enclosure-mount.png}
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\caption{SatNOGS-Optical ground station prototype.}
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\label{fig:video-enclosure-mount}
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\index{mount}\index{camera}
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\end{center}
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\end{figure}
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The camera lens is protected by the enclosure glass, which is \gls{IP67} (XXX) rated.
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See a close up of the front of the enclosure and camera lens in figure
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\index{enclosure}\index{lens}\index{camera}
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\ref{fig:video-enclosure-front}, page \pageref{fig:video-enclosure-front}.
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\begin{figure}[h!]
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\begin{framed}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=0.40\textheight,width=1.00\textwidth,angle=0]{video-enclosure-front.png}
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\caption{Camera enclosure, front side, showing glass and lens.}
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\label{fig:video-enclosure-front}
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\index{enclosure}\index{camera}
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\end{center}
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\end{framed}
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\end{figure}
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As seen in figure
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\ref{fig:video-enclosure-left}, page \pageref{fig:video-enclosure-left},
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the left side of the enclosure has a hinge for opening.
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The bottom white component is part of the \gls{telescope} mount.
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\index{mount}
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\begin{figure}[h!]
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\begin{framed}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=0.40\textheight,width=1.00\textwidth,angle=0]{video-enclosure-left.png}
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\caption{Camera enclosure, left side, showing hinge.}
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\label{fig:video-enclosure-left}
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\index{enclosure}\index{camera}
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\end{center}
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\end{framed}
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\end{figure}
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Figure
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\ref{fig:video-enclosure-right}, page \pageref{fig:video-enclosure-right},
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shows the right side of the enclosure.
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Two mounting bolt access points can be seen on each end.
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These are unscrewed with a hex head tool (supplied) to open the enclosure.
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\index{enclosure}
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\begin{figure}[h!]
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\begin{framed}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=0.40\textheight,width=1.00\textwidth,angle=0]{video-enclosure-right.png}
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\caption{Camera enclosure, right side.}
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\label{fig:video-enclosure-right}
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\index{enclosure}\index{camera}
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\end{center}
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\end{framed}
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\end{figure}
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The enclosure is opened from the right side, as shown in figure
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\index{enclosure}
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\ref{fig:video-enclosure-right}, page \pageref{fig:video-enclosure-right}.
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\begin{sidewaysfigure}[p!]
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=1.00\textheight,width=1.00\textwidth,angle=0]{video-enclosure-right-open.png}
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\caption{Camera enclosure, right side, opened.}
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\label{fig:video-enclosure-right-open}
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\index{enclosure}\index{camera}
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\end{center}
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\end{sidewaysfigure}
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Inside the camera enclosure, as shown in Figure
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\index{enclosure}
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\ref{fig:video-enclosure-top-open}, page \pageref{fig:video-enclosure-top-open},
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is:
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\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
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\begin{itemize}
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\item The Imaging Source DMX camera with Sony IMX174 \gls{CMOS}. \index{The Imaging Source}\index{IMX174}
|
2022-08-28 00:07:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\item Kowa 50mm f1.4 C-mount lens.\index{Kowa}
|
2022-09-06 00:16:31 -06:00
|
|
|
\item Odroid N2 running \gls{Debian} \gls{GNU} \gls{Linux} system. \index{Odroid}
|
2022-08-28 00:07:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\item Odroid N2 plastic enclosure, large half, hole drilled for ad-hoc mounting.
|
|
|
|
\item Blower fan on top, with power cable (came with Bosch enclosure). \index{fan}
|
|
|
|
\item Fan, maybe not so useful, with power cable (came with Bosch enclosure).
|
|
|
|
\item Camera mounting plate (came with Bosch enclosure). \index{camera}
|
|
|
|
\item Camera mounting screws, M6x25 (?).
|
2022-09-03 20:15:26 -06:00
|
|
|
\item Ethernet cable, internal, short white (came with Bosch enclosure). \index{ethernet}\index{Bosch}
|
2022-09-06 00:16:31 -06:00
|
|
|
\item \gls{PoE} ethernet cable, external, plugged into \gls{PoE} switch for data and power.
|
2022-09-02 15:10:58 -06:00
|
|
|
\item \gls{USB} 3 cable, internal, way too long, needs replacing, from Odroid to camera. XXX flat connector
|
2022-09-06 00:34:42 -06:00
|
|
|
\item \gls{USB} 3 cable, external, from Odroid to \gls{telescope} mount. XXX large rectangle connector
|
2022-09-16 16:13:38 -06:00
|
|
|
\item ``Custom'' 12\gls{V} \gls{DC} power cable from Bosch \gls{PoE} to Odroid.
|
2022-08-28 00:07:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\item Assorted nuts, bolts, and washers for an ad-hoc standoff height.
|
2022-08-26 21:38:42 -06:00
|
|
|
\end{itemize}
|
2022-08-31 12:18:57 -06:00
|
|
|
\end{mdframed}
|
2022-09-06 00:16:31 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{camera}\index{Kowa}\index{The Imaging Source}\index{Odroid}
|
2022-09-02 15:10:58 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{fan}\index{power cable}\index{mount plate}\index{Bosch}
|
2022-09-06 00:34:42 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{ethernet}\index{power cable}
|
2022-08-28 00:36:46 -06:00
|
|
|
|
2022-08-31 13:07:18 -06:00
|
|
|
\begin{sidewaysfigure}[p!]
|
2022-08-28 00:07:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\begin{center}
|
2022-08-31 13:07:18 -06:00
|
|
|
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=1.00\textheight,width=1.00\textwidth,angle=0]{video-enclosure-top-open.png}
|
2022-08-28 00:07:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\caption{Camera enclosure, opened.}
|
|
|
|
\label{fig:video-enclosure-top-open}
|
|
|
|
\index{enclosure}\index{camera}
|
|
|
|
\end{center}
|
2022-08-31 13:07:18 -06:00
|
|
|
\end{sidewaysfigure}
|
2022-08-26 21:38:42 -06:00
|
|
|
|
2022-08-26 22:07:17 -06:00
|
|
|
The top of the enclosure shows weather protection and a sun visor.
|
2022-09-06 14:09:43 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{enclosure}\index{weather}
|
2022-08-26 22:07:17 -06:00
|
|
|
See figure \ref{fig:video-enclosure-top}, page \pageref{fig:video-enclosure-top}.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{figure}[h!]
|
2022-08-31 11:58:38 -06:00
|
|
|
\begin{framed}
|
2022-08-28 00:07:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\begin{center}
|
2022-08-30 16:54:46 -06:00
|
|
|
\includegraphics[keepaspectratio=true,height=0.40\textheight,width=1.00\textwidth,angle=0]{video-enclosure-top.png}
|
2022-08-28 00:07:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\caption{Camera enclosure, top.}
|
|
|
|
\label{fig:video-enclosure-top}
|
|
|
|
\index{enclosure}\index{camera}
|
|
|
|
\end{center}
|
2022-08-31 11:58:38 -06:00
|
|
|
\end{framed}
|
2022-08-26 22:07:17 -06:00
|
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-31 18:08:48 -06:00
|
|
|
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
\section{Tripods}
|
|
|
|
\label{sec:hardware-tripod}
|
2022-09-06 14:09:43 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{hardware}\index{tripod}\index{camera}\index{pier}
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The camera setup can be mounted a wide variety of ways,
|
|
|
|
from just setting the camera somewhere (worst option), to a heavy duty
|
|
|
|
pier with tracking mount (best option).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
At present, most prototype optical ground stations are using static mounts
|
|
|
|
on tripods.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tripod and similar options include:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
|
|
|
|
\begin{description}
|
|
|
|
\item [No mount] --- Quick and dirty, just hang the camera out somewhere sitting on something.
|
|
|
|
\item [Small tripod] --- There are small desk tripods than can be used with lighter
|
2022-09-05 23:48:35 -06:00
|
|
|
setups, such as used with a \gls{Raspberry-Pi} PiCamera.\index{tripod}
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [Photography Tripod] --- Using a common camera tripod, of which there is a wide
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
variety, from light to heavy.\index{tripod}
|
2022-09-06 00:16:31 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [\Gls{telescope} Tripod] --- Similar to photography tripods, but typically heavier weight.\index{tripod}
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [\Gls{telescope} Portable Pier] --- Similar to a \gls{telescope} tripod, but much heavier, typically
|
2022-09-06 00:16:31 -06:00
|
|
|
with a larger center pier post. Still movable, and folds up similar to a photography tripod.\index{pier}
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [\Gls{telescope} Pier] --- A wide variety, such as making a roughly 1.5 meter permanent cement post.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
\end{description}
|
|
|
|
\end{mdframed}
|
|
|
|
\index{pier}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{Mounts}
|
|
|
|
\label{sec:hardware-mounts}
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{mount}\index{track}\index{tripod}
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
For mounts, there are two main types: tracking or static.
|
|
|
|
By the latter ``static'' mounts, it is meant that the
|
|
|
|
camera, the tripod, and the mount all stay motionless.
|
|
|
|
This is what you would get using a camera with a common photography
|
|
|
|
tripod and a simple mounting plate.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Static mounting options include:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
|
|
|
|
\begin{description}
|
|
|
|
\item [Camera plate] --- Commonly used on cameras and readily available for mounting
|
|
|
|
cameras to tripods.
|
|
|
|
\item [Enclosure plate] --- A flat plate with holes drilled in it to mount the camera
|
|
|
|
inside an enclosure.
|
|
|
|
\item [``Security'' camera enclosure mount] --- Various mounts exist to mount
|
|
|
|
security cameras to posts, walls, etc.
|
|
|
|
\end{description}
|
|
|
|
\end{mdframed}
|
|
|
|
\index{camera}\index{mount}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tracking mount options to consider include:
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{mount}\index{track}
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
|
|
|
|
\begin{description}
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro] --- \Gls{telescope} mount using \gls{INDI}.
|
|
|
|
\item [\gls{Celestron}] --- Wide variety of \gls{telescope} mounts using \gls{INDI}.
|
|
|
|
\item [iOptron] --- \Gls{telescope} mount with (untested) satellite tracking.
|
|
|
|
\item [\gls{INDI} \Gls{telescope} Mounts] --- A wide variety of other \gls{INDI} compatible \gls{telescope} mounts.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [Yaesu G-5500] --- Antenna \gls{rotator}.
|
|
|
|
\item [hamlib] --- Other hamlib compatible \glspl{rotator}.
|
2022-09-05 23:48:35 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [\gls{Teledyne-FLIR} PTU-5] --- High Performance \gls{PTZ} Unit designed for security cameras (untested, no drivers?).
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [Misc \gls{PTZ}] --- Other security camera \gls{PTZ} mounts.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
\end{description}
|
|
|
|
\end{mdframed}
|
2022-09-06 14:09:43 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{track}\index{mount}\index{Sky-Watcher}\index{Yaesu}\index{hamlib}\index{iOptron}
|
|
|
|
\index{G-5500}
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tracking mounts aren't widely used, but there is support for them in
|
2022-09-06 14:09:43 -06:00
|
|
|
\texttt{\gls{stvid}} when acquiring data.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
The tracking needs to be set up independently of \texttt{stvid}.
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
At present, I use \gls{KStars} with Ekos to control a Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro
|
|
|
|
tracking mount.
|
2022-09-06 00:16:31 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{Ekos}\index{Sky-Watcher}\index{track}
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For tracking, there a few different ways to track:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
|
|
|
|
\begin{description}
|
|
|
|
\item [Static] --- No tracking, just point at one place in the sky.
|
2022-09-05 23:48:35 -06:00
|
|
|
Generates \glspl{star-trail}.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
Generates satellite trails.
|
|
|
|
\item [Sidereal tracking] --- Tracks stars.
|
|
|
|
Generates stars as points.
|
|
|
|
Generates satellite trails.
|
|
|
|
\item [Satellite tracking] --- Tracks satellites.
|
2022-09-05 23:48:35 -06:00
|
|
|
Generates \glspl{star-trail}.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
Generates satellites as points or potentially larger images
|
|
|
|
of the satellite structure.
|
|
|
|
\end{description}
|
|
|
|
\end{mdframed}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Sidereal Tracking Mounts}
|
2022-09-06 14:09:43 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{track}\index{mount}
|
2022-09-02 21:42:16 -06:00
|
|
|
Sidereal tracking (``telescope tracking'') is what \gls{COTS} tracking ``\gls{GoTo}''
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
\glspl{telescope} from \gls{Celestron} or Sky-Watcher do, for example. They track
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
the stars, countering the rotation of the Earth to keep the same view
|
2022-09-06 14:09:43 -06:00
|
|
|
of the sky in the camera's \gls{FoV}. Stars remain as points, even after multi-minute
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
or multi-hour imaging. This is what is used for ``pretty'' pictures
|
|
|
|
of stars, nebula, galaxies, etc.
|
|
|
|
This is the most common tracking set up, as it has been widely used in
|
|
|
|
astronomy communities for decades.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Within sidereal tracking mounts, there are yet more options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
|
|
|
|
\begin{description}
|
|
|
|
\item [Fork] --- Fork mount.
|
2022-09-02 15:10:58 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [\gls{EQ} fork] --- Fork on \gls{EQ} mount.
|
|
|
|
\item [German \gls{EQ}] --- Most common \gls{EQ} mount.
|
2022-09-06 14:09:43 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [More] --- Endless variety of available \gls{telescope} mounts.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
\end{description}
|
|
|
|
\end{mdframed}
|
2022-09-02 15:10:58 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{German \gls{EQ}}\index{fork} %XXX
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{mount}\index{track}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Also related to sidereal tracking is lunar and planetary
|
|
|
|
tracking, but for our uses all three will be included under sidereal tracking.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To use a sidereal tracking mount for imaging satellites, the camera
|
|
|
|
must ``leap frog'' the satellite.
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
At present, my practice is to use a sidereal mount, point at a location with \gls{KStars},
|
2022-09-06 14:09:43 -06:00
|
|
|
start \gls{stvid}. Then stop \gls{stvid}, move to new location using \gls{KStars},
|
|
|
|
start \gls{stvid}.
|
2022-09-06 00:16:31 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{track}\index{camera}
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
|
2022-09-02 23:32:27 -06:00
|
|
|
See Software section \ref{sec:software-tracking}, \pageref{sec:software-tracking}
|
|
|
|
for information on using tracking mounts.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\subsection{Satellite Tracking Mounts}
|
|
|
|
\index{track}\index{mount}
|
|
|
|
Of the options between a static mount (no tracking), sidereal tracking,
|
|
|
|
and satellite tracking, the latter is by far the least common.
|
|
|
|
In this case, the tracking mount is tracking the satellite itself.
|
|
|
|
This is much more complex than tracking stars, which it builds upon.
|
|
|
|
It requires, such as:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=blue!10,linecolor=blue!30]
|
|
|
|
\begin{description}
|
2022-09-06 14:09:43 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [Time] --- Accurate time, such as from \gls{GNSS} or \gls{NTP}.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [Location] --- Accurate location, also available from \gls{GNSS}.
|
2022-09-02 15:10:58 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [\gls{TLE}] --- Need to know the \glspl{satellite}' orbit (accurately!).
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
\item [Variable speed tracking] --- \Glspl{satellite} are moving at different
|
|
|
|
speeds above, the mount needs to be capable of that.
|
|
|
|
\item [Alignment] --- On top of all the gear and software needed,
|
|
|
|
the equipment needs to be accurately aligned.
|
|
|
|
\end{description}
|
|
|
|
\end{mdframed}
|
2022-09-06 00:16:31 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{alignment}\index{track}
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
Most tracking equipment for \glspl{telescope},
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
cameras, and \glspl{antenna} usually has just a few speeds, such as a \gls{slew} speed
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
and a sidereal star tracking speed. Sometimes there will be a few steps
|
2022-09-02 18:54:28 -06:00
|
|
|
of these speeds (e.g. \gls{slew} speeds from 1-9), but not the finely tuned tracking
|
2022-09-03 20:15:26 -06:00
|
|
|
speeds needed to track a satellite. Oftentimes the \gls{telescope} tracking maximum
|
2022-09-04 18:23:21 -06:00
|
|
|
speed will be too slow for satellite tracking.
|
2022-09-06 00:16:31 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{track}
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Variable speed tracking (XXX phrase?) is needed for tracking satellites if
|
|
|
|
the goal is to keep the satellite in the (near) center of the image frame
|
2022-09-05 23:48:35 -06:00
|
|
|
and leave \glspl{star-trail}. The speed the mount moves needs to be calculated
|
2022-09-06 14:09:43 -06:00
|
|
|
based upon a recent \gls{orbit} calcuation, such as from a \gls{TLE}.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
There are highly skilled amateur astronomers that have captured detailed
|
2022-09-02 15:10:58 -06:00
|
|
|
pictures of artificial satellites, such as the \gls{ISS} and astronauts doing
|
2022-09-03 20:15:26 -06:00
|
|
|
space walks, using hand guided \glspl{telescope} with low cost \gls{CCD} imagers.
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
% XXX ref
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
There are few options for satellite tracking mounts.
|
2022-09-06 14:30:46 -06:00
|
|
|
Some new iOptron \gls{telescope} mount \gls{firmware} supports tracking
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
satellites. This has been largely untested so far, but at present
|
|
|
|
is likely the best option, if a satellite tracking mount is wanted.
|
|
|
|
\index{iOptron}\index{track}\index{mount}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-08-30 13:47:47 -06:00
|
|
|
\section{Future Designs}
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
\label{sec:hardware-future}
|
2022-09-06 00:16:31 -06:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\index{track}
|
2022-09-03 20:15:26 -06:00
|
|
|
\index{camera}
|
2022-08-31 18:08:48 -06:00
|
|
|
|
2022-08-31 16:26:34 -06:00
|
|
|
There is some discussion of using much larger ``lenses'', such as
|
|
|
|
a \gls{RASA} ``\gls{telescope}'' (See: \gls{astrograph}).
|
2022-08-30 13:47:47 -06:00
|
|
|
The primary concern is the lack of \gls{satellite}
|
|
|
|
tracking mounts, because \gls{telescope} mounts are generally too slow,
|
2022-09-01 15:27:50 -06:00
|
|
|
and need to ``leap frog'' the \gls{satellite}. \Glspl{rotator} used for \glspl{antenna}
|
|
|
|
aren't typically stable enough for a camera.
|
2022-08-30 13:47:47 -06:00
|
|
|
|