stockfish/src/position.cpp

/*
  Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
  Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Tord Romstad (Glaurung author)
  Copyright (C) 2008-2010 Marco Costalba, Joona Kiiski, Tord Romstad

  Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  GNU General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/

#include <cassert>
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>

#include "bitcount.h"
#include "movegen.h"
#include "position.h"
#include "psqtab.h"
#include "rkiss.h"
#include "thread.h"
#include "tt.h"
#include "ucioption.h"

using std::string;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;

Key Position::zobrist[2][8][64];
Key Position::zobEp[64];
Key Position::zobCastle[16];
Key Position::zobSideToMove;
Key Position::zobExclusion;

Score Position::PieceSquareTable[16][64];

// Material values arrays, indexed by Piece
const Value PieceValueMidgame[17] = {
  VALUE_ZERO,
  PawnValueMidgame, KnightValueMidgame, BishopValueMidgame,
  RookValueMidgame, QueenValueMidgame, VALUE_ZERO,
  VALUE_ZERO, VALUE_ZERO,
  PawnValueMidgame, KnightValueMidgame, BishopValueMidgame,
  RookValueMidgame, QueenValueMidgame
};

const Value PieceValueEndgame[17] = {
  VALUE_ZERO,
  PawnValueEndgame, KnightValueEndgame, BishopValueEndgame,
  RookValueEndgame, QueenValueEndgame, VALUE_ZERO,
  VALUE_ZERO, VALUE_ZERO,
  PawnValueEndgame, KnightValueEndgame, BishopValueEndgame,
  RookValueEndgame, QueenValueEndgame
};


namespace {

  // Bonus for having the side to move (modified by Joona Kiiski)
  const Score TempoValue = make_score(48, 22);

  // To convert a Piece to and from a FEN char
  const string PieceToChar(".PNBRQK  pnbrqk  ");
}


/// CheckInfo c'tor

CheckInfo::CheckInfo(const Position& pos) {

  Color us = pos.side_to_move();
  Color them = opposite_color(us);
  Square ksq = pos.king_square(them);

  dcCandidates = pos.discovered_check_candidates(us);
  pinned = pos.pinned_pieces(us);

  checkSq[PAWN]   = pos.attacks_from<PAWN>(ksq, them);
  checkSq[KNIGHT] = pos.attacks_from<KNIGHT>(ksq);
  checkSq[BISHOP] = pos.attacks_from<BISHOP>(ksq);
  checkSq[ROOK]   = pos.attacks_from<ROOK>(ksq);
  checkSq[QUEEN]  = checkSq[BISHOP] | checkSq[ROOK];
  checkSq[KING]   = EmptyBoardBB;
}


/// Position c'tors. Here we always create a copy of the original position
/// or the FEN string, we want the new born Position object do not depend
/// on any external data so we detach state pointer from the source one.

Position::Position(const Position& pos, int th) {

  memcpy(this, &pos, sizeof(Position));
  detach(); // Always detach() in copy c'tor to avoid surprises
  threadID = th;
  nodes = 0;
}

Position::Position(const string& fen, bool isChess960, int th) {

  from_fen(fen, isChess960);
  threadID = th;
}


/// Position::detach() copies the content of the current state and castling
/// masks inside the position itself. This is needed when the st pointee could
/// become stale, as example because the caller is about to going out of scope.

void Position::detach() {

  startState = *st;
  st = &startState;
  st->previous = NULL; // as a safe guard
}


/// Position::from_fen() initializes the position object with the given FEN
/// string. This function is not very robust - make sure that input FENs are
/// correct (this is assumed to be the responsibility of the GUI).

void Position::from_fen(const string& fen, bool isChess960) {
/*
   A FEN string defines a particular position using only the ASCII character set.

   A FEN string contains six fields. The separator between fields is a space. The fields are:

   1) Piece placement (from white's perspective). Each rank is described, starting with rank 8 and ending
      with rank 1; within each rank, the contents of each square are described from file A through file H.
      Following the Standard Algebraic Notation (SAN), each piece is identified by a single letter taken
      from the standard English names. White pieces are designated using upper-case letters ("PNBRQK")
      while Black take lowercase ("pnbrqk"). Blank squares are noted using digits 1 through 8 (the number
      of blank squares), and "/" separate ranks.

   2) Active color. "w" means white moves next, "b" means black.

   3) Castling availability. If neither side can castle, this is "-". Otherwise, this has one or more
      letters: "K" (White can castle kingside), "Q" (White can castle queenside), "k" (Black can castle
      kingside), and/or "q" (Black can castle queenside).

   4) En passant target square in algebraic notation. If there's no en passant target square, this is "-".
      If a pawn has just made a 2-square move, this is the position "behind" the pawn. This is recorded
      regardless of whether there is a pawn in position to make an en passant capture.

   5) Halfmove clock: This is the number of halfmoves since the last pawn advance or capture. This is used
      to determine if a draw can be claimed under the fifty-move rule.

   6) Fullmove number: The number of the full move. It starts at 1, and is incremented after Black's move.
*/

  char token;
  int hmc, fmn;
  size_t p;
  Square sq = SQ_A8;
  std::istringstream ss(fen);

  clear();
  ss >> std::noskipws;

  // 1. Piece placement field
  while ((ss >> token) && !isspace(token))
  {
      if ((p = PieceToChar.find(token)) != string::npos)
      {
          put_piece(Piece(p), sq);
          sq++;
      }
      else if (isdigit(token))
          sq += Square(token - '0'); // Skip the given number of files
      else if (token == '/')
          sq -= SQ_A3; // Jump back of 2 rows
      else
          goto incorrect_fen;
  }

  // 2. Active color
  if (!(ss >> token) || (token != 'w' && token != 'b'))
      goto incorrect_fen;

  sideToMove = (token == 'w' ? WHITE : BLACK);

  if (!(ss >> token) || !isspace(token))
      goto incorrect_fen;

  // 3. Castling availability
  while ((ss >> token) && !isspace(token))
      if (!set_castling_rights(token))
          goto incorrect_fen;

  // 4. En passant square
  char col, row;
  if (   ((ss >> col) && (col >= 'a' && col <= 'h'))
      && ((ss >> row) && (row == '3' || row == '6')))
  {
      st->epSquare = make_square(File(col - 'a') + FILE_A, Rank(row - '1') + RANK_1);

      // Ignore if no capture is possible
      Color them = opposite_color(sideToMove);
      if (!(attacks_from<PAWN>(st->epSquare, them) & pieces(PAWN, sideToMove)))
          st->epSquare = SQ_NONE;
  }

  // 5. Halfmove clock
  if (ss >> std::skipws >> hmc)
      st->rule50 = hmc;

  // 6. Fullmove number
  if (ss >> fmn)
      startPosPlyCounter = (fmn - 1) * 2 + int(sideToMove == BLACK);

  // Various initialisations
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialKFile,  RANK_1)] ^= WHITE_OO | WHITE_OOO;
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialKFile,  RANK_8)] ^= BLACK_OO | BLACK_OOO;
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialKRFile, RANK_1)] ^= WHITE_OO;
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialKRFile, RANK_8)] ^= BLACK_OO;
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialQRFile, RANK_1)] ^= WHITE_OOO;
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialQRFile, RANK_8)] ^= BLACK_OOO;

  chess960 = isChess960;
  find_checkers();

  st->key = compute_key();
  st->pawnKey = compute_pawn_key();
  st->materialKey = compute_material_key();
  st->value = compute_value();
  st->npMaterial[WHITE] = compute_non_pawn_material(WHITE);
  st->npMaterial[BLACK] = compute_non_pawn_material(BLACK);
  return;

incorrect_fen:
  cout << "Error in FEN string: " << fen << endl;
}


/// Position::set_castling_rights() sets castling parameters castling avaiability.
/// This function is compatible with 3 standards: Normal FEN standard, Shredder-FEN
/// that uses the letters of the columns on which the rooks began the game instead
/// of KQkq and also X-FEN standard that, in case of Chess960, if an inner Rook is
/// associated with the castling right, the traditional castling tag will be replaced
/// by the file letter of the involved rook as for the Shredder-FEN.

bool Position::set_castling_rights(char token) {

    Color c = token >= 'a' ? BLACK : WHITE;
    Square sqA = (c == WHITE ? SQ_A1 : SQ_A8);
    Square sqH = (c == WHITE ? SQ_H1 : SQ_H8);
    Piece rook = (c == WHITE ? WR : BR);

    initialKFile = square_file(king_square(c));
    token = char(toupper(token));

    if (token == 'K')
    {
        for (Square sq = sqH; sq >= sqA; sq--)
            if (piece_on(sq) == rook)
            {
                set_castle_kingside(c);
                initialKRFile = square_file(sq);
                break;
            }
    }
    else if (token == 'Q')
    {
        for (Square sq = sqA; sq <= sqH; sq++)
            if (piece_on(sq) == rook)
            {
                set_castle_queenside(c);
                initialQRFile = square_file(sq);
                break;
            }
    }
    else if (token >= 'A' && token <= 'H')
    {
        File rookFile = File(token - 'A') + FILE_A;
        if (rookFile < initialKFile)
        {
            set_castle_queenside(c);
            initialQRFile = rookFile;
        }
        else
        {
            set_castle_kingside(c);
            initialKRFile = rookFile;
        }
    }
    else
        return token == '-';

  return true;
}


/// Position::to_fen() returns a FEN representation of the position. In case
/// of Chess960 the Shredder-FEN notation is used. Mainly a debugging function.

const string Position::to_fen() const {

  string fen;
  Square sq;
  char emptyCnt;

  for (Rank rank = RANK_8; rank >= RANK_1; rank--, fen += '/')
  {
      emptyCnt = '0';

      for (File file = FILE_A; file <= FILE_H; file++)
      {
          sq = make_square(file, rank);

          if (square_is_occupied(sq))
          {
              if (emptyCnt != '0')
              {
                  fen += emptyCnt;
                  emptyCnt = '0';
              }
              fen += PieceToChar[piece_on(sq)];
          } else
              emptyCnt++;
      }

      if (emptyCnt != '0')
          fen += emptyCnt;
  }

  fen += (sideToMove == WHITE ? " w " : " b ");

  if (st->castleRights != CASTLES_NONE)
  {
      if (can_castle_kingside(WHITE))
          fen += chess960 ? char(toupper(file_to_char(initialKRFile))) : 'K';

      if (can_castle_queenside(WHITE))
          fen += chess960 ? char(toupper(file_to_char(initialQRFile))) : 'Q';

      if (can_castle_kingside(BLACK))
          fen += chess960 ? file_to_char(initialKRFile) : 'k';

      if (can_castle_queenside(BLACK))
          fen += chess960 ? file_to_char(initialQRFile) : 'q';
  } else
      fen += '-';

  fen += (ep_square() == SQ_NONE ? " -" : " " + square_to_string(ep_square()));
  return fen;
}


/// Position::print() prints an ASCII representation of the position to
/// the standard output. If a move is given then also the san is printed.

void Position::print(Move move) const {

  const char* dottedLine = "\n+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+\n";

  if (move)
  {
      Position p(*this, thread());
      string dd = (piece_color(piece_on(move_from(move))) == BLACK ? ".." : "");
      cout << "\nMove is: " << dd << move_to_san(p, move);
  }

  for (Rank rank = RANK_8; rank >= RANK_1; rank--)
  {
      cout << dottedLine << '|';
      for (File file = FILE_A; file <= FILE_H; file++)
      {
          Square sq = make_square(file, rank);
          Piece piece = piece_on(sq);

          if (piece == PIECE_NONE && square_color(sq) == DARK)
              piece = PIECE_NONE_DARK_SQ;

          char c = (piece_color(piece_on(sq)) == BLACK ? '=' : ' ');
          cout << c << PieceToChar[piece] << c << '|';
      }
  }
  cout << dottedLine << "Fen is: " << to_fen() << "\nKey is: " << st->key << endl;
}


/// Position:hidden_checkers<>() returns a bitboard of all pinned (against the
/// king) pieces for the given color and for the given pinner type. Or, when
/// template parameter FindPinned is false, the pieces of the given color
/// candidate for a discovery check against the enemy king.
/// Bitboard checkersBB must be already updated when looking for pinners.

template<bool FindPinned>
Bitboard Position::hidden_checkers(Color c) const {

  Bitboard result = EmptyBoardBB;
  Bitboard pinners = pieces_of_color(FindPinned ? opposite_color(c) : c);

  // Pinned pieces protect our king, dicovery checks attack
  // the enemy king.
  Square ksq = king_square(FindPinned ? c : opposite_color(c));

  // Pinners are sliders, not checkers, that give check when candidate pinned is removed
  pinners &= (pieces(ROOK, QUEEN) & RookPseudoAttacks[ksq]) | (pieces(BISHOP, QUEEN) & BishopPseudoAttacks[ksq]);

  if (FindPinned && pinners)
      pinners &= ~st->checkersBB;

  while (pinners)
  {
      Square s = pop_1st_bit(&pinners);
      Bitboard b = squares_between(s, ksq) & occupied_squares();

      assert(b);

      if (  !(b & (b - 1)) // Only one bit set?
          && (b & pieces_of_color(c))) // Is an our piece?
          result |= b;
  }
  return result;
}


/// Position:pinned_pieces() returns a bitboard of all pinned (against the
/// king) pieces for the given color. Note that checkersBB bitboard must
/// be already updated.

Bitboard Position::pinned_pieces(Color c) const {

  return hidden_checkers<true>(c);
}


/// Position:discovered_check_candidates() returns a bitboard containing all
/// pieces for the given side which are candidates for giving a discovered
/// check. Contrary to pinned_pieces() here there is no need of checkersBB
/// to be already updated.

Bitboard Position::discovered_check_candidates(Color c) const {

  return hidden_checkers<false>(c);
}

/// Position::attackers_to() computes a bitboard containing all pieces which
/// attacks a given square.

Bitboard Position::attackers_to(Square s) const {

  return  (attacks_from<PAWN>(s, BLACK) & pieces(PAWN, WHITE))
        | (attacks_from<PAWN>(s, WHITE) & pieces(PAWN, BLACK))
        | (attacks_from<KNIGHT>(s)      & pieces(KNIGHT))
        | (attacks_from<ROOK>(s)        & pieces(ROOK, QUEEN))
        | (attacks_from<BISHOP>(s)      & pieces(BISHOP, QUEEN))
        | (attacks_from<KING>(s)        & pieces(KING));
}

Bitboard Position::attackers_to(Square s, Bitboard occ) const {

  return  (attacks_from<PAWN>(s, BLACK) & pieces(PAWN, WHITE))
        | (attacks_from<PAWN>(s, WHITE) & pieces(PAWN, BLACK))
        | (attacks_from<KNIGHT>(s)      & pieces(KNIGHT))
        | (rook_attacks_bb(s, occ)      & pieces(ROOK, QUEEN))
        | (bishop_attacks_bb(s, occ)    & pieces(BISHOP, QUEEN))
        | (attacks_from<KING>(s)        & pieces(KING));
}

/// Position::attacks_from() computes a bitboard of all attacks
/// of a given piece put in a given square.

Bitboard Position::attacks_from(Piece p, Square s) const {

  assert(square_is_ok(s));

  switch (p)
  {
  case WB: case BB: return attacks_from<BISHOP>(s);
  case WR: case BR: return attacks_from<ROOK>(s);
  case WQ: case BQ: return attacks_from<QUEEN>(s);
  default: return StepAttacksBB[p][s];
  }
}

Bitboard Position::attacks_from(Piece p, Square s, Bitboard occ) {

  assert(square_is_ok(s));

  switch (p)
  {
  case WB: case BB: return bishop_attacks_bb(s, occ);
  case WR: case BR: return rook_attacks_bb(s, occ);
  case WQ: case BQ: return bishop_attacks_bb(s, occ) | rook_attacks_bb(s, occ);
  default: return StepAttacksBB[p][s];
  }
}


/// Position::move_attacks_square() tests whether a move from the current
/// position attacks a given square.

bool Position::move_attacks_square(Move m, Square s) const {

  assert(move_is_ok(m));
  assert(square_is_ok(s));

  Bitboard occ, xray;
  Square f = move_from(m), t = move_to(m);

  assert(square_is_occupied(f));

  if (bit_is_set(attacks_from(piece_on(f), t), s))
      return true;

  // Move the piece and scan for X-ray attacks behind it
  occ = occupied_squares();
  do_move_bb(&occ, make_move_bb(f, t));
  xray = ( (rook_attacks_bb(s, occ)   & pieces(ROOK, QUEEN))
          |(bishop_attacks_bb(s, occ) & pieces(BISHOP, QUEEN)))
         & pieces_of_color(piece_color(piece_on(f)));

  // If we have attacks we need to verify that are caused by our move
  // and are not already existent ones.
  return xray && (xray ^ (xray & attacks_from<QUEEN>(s)));
}


/// Position::find_checkers() computes the checkersBB bitboard, which
/// contains a nonzero bit for each checking piece (0, 1 or 2). It
/// currently works by calling Position::attackers_to, which is probably
/// inefficient. Consider rewriting this function to use the last move
/// played, like in non-bitboard versions of Glaurung.

void Position::find_checkers() {

  Color us = side_to_move();
  st->checkersBB = attackers_to(king_square(us)) & pieces_of_color(opposite_color(us));
}


/// Position::pl_move_is_legal() tests whether a pseudo-legal move is legal

bool Position::pl_move_is_legal(Move m, Bitboard pinned) const {

  assert(is_ok());
  assert(move_is_ok(m));
  assert(pinned == pinned_pieces(side_to_move()));

  Color us = side_to_move();
  Square from = move_from(m);

  assert(piece_color(piece_on(from)) == us);
  assert(piece_on(king_square(us)) == make_piece(us, KING));

  // En passant captures are a tricky special case. Because they are
  // rather uncommon, we do it simply by testing whether the king is attacked
  // after the move is made
  if (move_is_ep(m))
  {
      Color them = opposite_color(us);
      Square to = move_to(m);
      Square capsq = make_square(square_file(to), square_rank(from));
      Square ksq = king_square(us);
      Bitboard b = occupied_squares();

      assert(to == ep_square());
      assert(piece_on(from) == make_piece(us, PAWN));
      assert(piece_on(capsq) == make_piece(them, PAWN));
      assert(piece_on(to) == PIECE_NONE);

      clear_bit(&b, from);
      clear_bit(&b, capsq);
      set_bit(&b, to);

      return   !(rook_attacks_bb(ksq, b) & pieces(ROOK, QUEEN, them))
            && !(bishop_attacks_bb(ksq, b) & pieces(BISHOP, QUEEN, them));
  }

  // If the moving piece is a king, check whether the destination
  // square is attacked by the opponent. Castling moves are checked
  // for legality during move generation.
  if (piece_type(piece_on(from)) == KING)
      return move_is_castle(m) || !(attackers_to(move_to(m)) & pieces_of_color(opposite_color(us)));

  // A non-king move is legal if and only if it is not pinned or it
  // is moving along the ray towards or away from the king.
  return   !pinned
        || !bit_is_set(pinned, from)
        ||  squares_aligned(from, move_to(m), king_square(us));
}


/// Position::move_is_pl_slow() takes a position and a move and tests whether
/// the move is pseudo legal. This version is not very fast and should be used
/// only in non time-critical paths.

bool Position::move_is_pl_slow(const Move m) const {

  MoveStack mlist[MAX_MOVES];
  MoveStack *cur, *last;

  last = in_check() ? generate<MV_EVASION>(*this, mlist)
                    : generate<MV_NON_EVASION>(*this, mlist);

  for (cur = mlist; cur != last; cur++)
      if (cur->move == m)
          return true;

  return false;
}


/// Fast version of Position::move_is_pl() that takes a position a move and a
/// bitboard of pinned pieces as input, and tests whether the move is pseudo legal.

bool Position::move_is_pl(const Move m) const {

  assert(is_ok());

  Color us = sideToMove;
  Color them = opposite_color(sideToMove);
  Square from = move_from(m);
  Square to = move_to(m);
  Piece pc = piece_on(from);

  // Use a slower but simpler function for uncommon cases
  if (move_is_special(m))
      return move_is_pl_slow(m);

  // Is not a promotion, so promotion piece must be empty
  if (promotion_piece_type(m) - 2 != PIECE_TYPE_NONE)
      return false;

  // If the from square is not occupied by a piece belonging to the side to
  // move, the move is obviously not legal.
  if (pc == PIECE_NONE || piece_color(pc) != us)
      return false;

  // The destination square cannot be occupied by a friendly piece
  if (piece_color(piece_on(to)) == us)
      return false;

  // Handle the special case of a pawn move
  if (piece_type(pc) == PAWN)
  {
      // Move direction must be compatible with pawn color
      int direction = to - from;
      if ((us == WHITE) != (direction > 0))
          return false;

      // We have already handled promotion moves, so destination
      // cannot be on the 8/1th rank.
      if (square_rank(to) == RANK_8 || square_rank(to) == RANK_1)
          return false;

      // Proceed according to the square delta between the origin and
      // destination squares.
      switch (direction)
      {
      case DELTA_NW:
      case DELTA_NE:
      case DELTA_SW:
      case DELTA_SE:
      // Capture. The destination square must be occupied by an enemy
      // piece (en passant captures was handled earlier).
      if (piece_color(piece_on(to)) != them)
          return false;

      // From and to files must be one file apart, avoids a7h5
      if (abs(square_file(from) - square_file(to)) != 1)
          return false;
      break;

      case DELTA_N:
      case DELTA_S:
      // Pawn push. The destination square must be empty.
      if (!square_is_empty(to))
          return false;
      break;

      case DELTA_NN:
      // Double white pawn push. The destination square must be on the fourth
      // rank, and both the destination square and the square between the
      // source and destination squares must be empty.
      if (   square_rank(to) != RANK_4
          || !square_is_empty(to)
          || !square_is_empty(from + DELTA_N))
          return false;
      break;

      case DELTA_SS:
      // Double black pawn push. The destination square must be on the fifth
      // rank, and both the destination square and the square between the
      // source and destination squares must be empty.
      if (   square_rank(to) != RANK_5
          || !square_is_empty(to)
          || !square_is_empty(from + DELTA_S))
          return false;
      break;

      default:
          return false;
      }
  }
  else if (!bit_is_set(attacks_from(pc, from), to))
      return false;

  if (in_check())
  {
      // In case of king moves under check we have to remove king so to catch
      // as invalid moves like b1a1 when opposite queen is on c1.
      if (piece_type(piece_on(from)) == KING)
      {
          Bitboard b = occupied_squares();
          clear_bit(&b, from);
          if (attackers_to(move_to(m), b) & pieces_of_color(opposite_color(us)))
              return false;
      }
      else
      {
          Bitboard target = checkers();
          Square checksq = pop_1st_bit(&target);

          if (target) // double check ? In this case a king move is required
              return false;

          // Our move must be a blocking evasion or a capture of the checking piece
          target = squares_between(checksq, king_square(us)) | checkers();
          if (!bit_is_set(target, move_to(m)))
              return false;
      }
  }

  return true;
}


/// Position::move_gives_check() tests whether a pseudo-legal move is a check

bool Position::move_gives_check(Move m, const CheckInfo& ci) const {

  assert(is_ok());
  assert(move_is_ok(m));
  assert(ci.dcCandidates == discovered_check_candidates(side_to_move()));
  assert(piece_color(piece_on(move_from(m))) == side_to_move());

  Square from = move_from(m);
  Square to = move_to(m);
  PieceType pt = piece_type(piece_on(from));

  // Direct check ?
  if (bit_is_set(ci.checkSq[pt], to))
      return true;

  // Discovery check ?
  if (ci.dcCandidates && bit_is_set(ci.dcCandidates, from))
  {
      // For pawn and king moves we need to verify also direction
      if (  (pt != PAWN && pt != KING)
          || !squares_aligned(from, to, king_square(opposite_color(side_to_move()))))
          return true;
  }

  // Can we skip the ugly special cases ?
  if (!move_is_special(m))
      return false;

  Color us = side_to_move();
  Bitboard b = occupied_squares();
  Square ksq = king_square(opposite_color(us));

  // Promotion with check ?
  if (move_is_promotion(m))
  {
      clear_bit(&b, from);

      switch (promotion_piece_type(m))
      {
      case KNIGHT:
          return bit_is_set(attacks_from<KNIGHT>(to), ksq);
      case BISHOP:
          return bit_is_set(bishop_attacks_bb(to, b), ksq);
      case ROOK:
          return bit_is_set(rook_attacks_bb(to, b), ksq);
      case QUEEN:
          return bit_is_set(queen_attacks_bb(to, b), ksq);
      default:
          assert(false);
      }
  }

  // En passant capture with check ? We have already handled the case
  // of direct checks and ordinary discovered check, the only case we
  // need to handle is the unusual case of a discovered check through
  // the captured pawn.
  if (move_is_ep(m))
  {
      Square capsq = make_square(square_file(to), square_rank(from));
      clear_bit(&b, from);
      clear_bit(&b, capsq);
      set_bit(&b, to);
      return  (rook_attacks_bb(ksq, b) & pieces(ROOK, QUEEN, us))
            ||(bishop_attacks_bb(ksq, b) & pieces(BISHOP, QUEEN, us));
  }

  // Castling with check ?
  if (move_is_castle(m))
  {
      Square kfrom, kto, rfrom, rto;
      kfrom = from;
      rfrom = to;

      if (rfrom > kfrom)
      {
          kto = relative_square(us, SQ_G1);
          rto = relative_square(us, SQ_F1);
      } else {
          kto = relative_square(us, SQ_C1);
          rto = relative_square(us, SQ_D1);
      }
      clear_bit(&b, kfrom);
      clear_bit(&b, rfrom);
      set_bit(&b, rto);
      set_bit(&b, kto);
      return bit_is_set(rook_attacks_bb(rto, b), ksq);
  }

  return false;
}


/// Position::do_setup_move() makes a permanent move on the board. It should
/// be used when setting up a position on board. You can't undo the move.

void Position::do_setup_move(Move m) {

  StateInfo newSt;

  do_move(m, newSt);

  // Reset "game ply" in case we made a non-reversible move.
  // "game ply" is used for repetition detection.
  if (st->rule50 == 0)
      st->gamePly = 0;

  // Update the number of plies played from the starting position
  startPosPlyCounter++;

  // Our StateInfo newSt is about going out of scope so copy
  // its content before it disappears.
  detach();
}


/// Position::do_move() makes a move, and saves all information necessary
/// to a StateInfo object. The move is assumed to be legal. Pseudo-legal
/// moves should be filtered out before this function is called.

void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt) {

  CheckInfo ci(*this);
  do_move(m, newSt, ci, move_gives_check(m, ci));
}

void Position::do_move(Move m, StateInfo& newSt, const CheckInfo& ci, bool moveIsCheck) {

  assert(is_ok());
  assert(move_is_ok(m));
  assert(&newSt != st);

  nodes++;
  Key key = st->key;

  // Copy some fields of old state to our new StateInfo object except the
  // ones which are recalculated from scratch anyway, then switch our state
  // pointer to point to the new, ready to be updated, state.
  struct ReducedStateInfo {
    Key pawnKey, materialKey;
    int castleRights, rule50, gamePly, pliesFromNull;
    Square epSquare;
    Score value;
    Value npMaterial[2];
  };

  memcpy(&newSt, st, sizeof(ReducedStateInfo));

  newSt.previous = st;
  st = &newSt;

  // Save the current key to the history[] array, in order to be able to
  // detect repetition draws.
  history[st->gamePly++] = key;

  // Update side to move
  key ^= zobSideToMove;

  // Increment the 50 moves rule draw counter. Resetting it to zero in the
  // case of non-reversible moves is taken care of later.
  st->rule50++;
  st->pliesFromNull++;

  if (move_is_castle(m))
  {
      st->key = key;
      do_castle_move(m);
      return;
  }

  Color us = side_to_move();
  Color them = opposite_color(us);
  Square from = move_from(m);
  Square to = move_to(m);
  bool ep = move_is_ep(m);
  bool pm = move_is_promotion(m);

  Piece piece = piece_on(from);
  PieceType pt = piece_type(piece);
  PieceType capture = ep ? PAWN : piece_type(piece_on(to));

  assert(piece_color(piece_on(from)) == us);
  assert(piece_color(piece_on(to)) == them || square_is_empty(to));
  assert(!(ep || pm) || piece == make_piece(us, PAWN));
  assert(!pm || relative_rank(us, to) == RANK_8);

  if (capture)
      do_capture_move(key, capture, them, to, ep);

  // Update hash key
  key ^= zobrist[us][pt][from] ^ zobrist[us][pt][to];

  // Reset en passant square
  if (st->epSquare != SQ_NONE)
  {
      key ^= zobEp[st->epSquare];
      st->epSquare = SQ_NONE;
  }

  // Update castle rights if needed
  if (    st->castleRights != CASTLES_NONE
      && (castleRightsMask[from] & castleRightsMask[to]) != ALL_CASTLES)
  {
      key ^= zobCastle[st->castleRights];
      st->castleRights &= castleRightsMask[from] & castleRightsMask[to];
      key ^= zobCastle[st->castleRights];
  }

  // Prefetch TT access as soon as we know key is updated
  prefetch((char*)TT.first_entry(key));

  // Move the piece
  Bitboard move_bb = make_move_bb(from, to);
  do_move_bb(&(byColorBB[us]), move_bb);
  do_move_bb(&(byTypeBB[pt]), move_bb);
  do_move_bb(&(byTypeBB[0]), move_bb); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] == occupied squares

  board[to] = board[from];
  board[from] = PIECE_NONE;

  // Update piece lists, note that index[from] is not updated and
  // becomes stale. This works as long as index[] is accessed just
  // by known occupied squares.
  index[to] = index[from];
  pieceList[us][pt][index[to]] = to;

  // If the moving piece was a pawn do some special extra work
  if (pt == PAWN)
  {
      // Reset rule 50 draw counter
      st->rule50 = 0;

      // Update pawn hash key and prefetch in L1/L2 cache
      st->pawnKey ^= zobrist[us][PAWN][from] ^ zobrist[us][PAWN][to];

      // Set en passant square, only if moved pawn can be captured
      if ((to ^ from) == 16)
      {
          if (attacks_from<PAWN>(from + (us == WHITE ? DELTA_N : DELTA_S), us) & pieces(PAWN, them))
          {
              st->epSquare = Square((int(from) + int(to)) / 2);
              key ^= zobEp[st->epSquare];
          }
      }

      if (pm) // promotion ?
      {
          PieceType promotion = promotion_piece_type(m);

          assert(promotion >= KNIGHT && promotion <= QUEEN);

          // Insert promoted piece instead of pawn
          clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[PAWN]), to);
          set_bit(&(byTypeBB[promotion]), to);
          board[to] = make_piece(us, promotion);

          // Update piece counts
          pieceCount[us][promotion]++;
          pieceCount[us][PAWN]--;

          // Update material key
          st->materialKey ^= zobrist[us][PAWN][pieceCount[us][PAWN]];
          st->materialKey ^= zobrist[us][promotion][pieceCount[us][promotion]-1];

          // Update piece lists, move the last pawn at index[to] position
          // and shrink the list. Add a new promotion piece to the list.
          Square lastPawnSquare = pieceList[us][PAWN][pieceCount[us][PAWN]];
          index[lastPawnSquare] = index[to];
          pieceList[us][PAWN][index[lastPawnSquare]] = lastPawnSquare;
          pieceList[us][PAWN][pieceCount[us][PAWN]] = SQ_NONE;
          index[to] = pieceCount[us][promotion] - 1;
          pieceList[us][promotion][index[to]] = to;

          // Partially revert hash keys update
          key ^= zobrist[us][PAWN][to] ^ zobrist[us][promotion][to];
          st->pawnKey ^= zobrist[us][PAWN][to];

          // Partially revert and update incremental scores
          st->value -= pst(us, PAWN, to);
          st->value += pst(us, promotion, to);

          // Update material
          st->npMaterial[us] += PieceValueMidgame[promotion];
      }
  }

  // Prefetch pawn and material hash tables
  Threads[threadID].pawnTable.prefetch(st->pawnKey);
  Threads[threadID].materialTable.prefetch(st->materialKey);

  // Update incremental scores
  st->value += pst_delta(piece, from, to);

  // Set capture piece
  st->capturedType = capture;

  // Update the key with the final value
  st->key = key;

  // Update checkers bitboard, piece must be already moved
  st->checkersBB = EmptyBoardBB;

  if (moveIsCheck)
  {
      if (ep | pm)
          st->checkersBB = attackers_to(king_square(them)) & pieces_of_color(us);
      else
      {
          // Direct checks
          if (bit_is_set(ci.checkSq[pt], to))
              st->checkersBB = SetMaskBB[to];

          // Discovery checks
          if (ci.dcCandidates && bit_is_set(ci.dcCandidates, from))
          {
              if (pt != ROOK)
                  st->checkersBB |= (attacks_from<ROOK>(king_square(them)) & pieces(ROOK, QUEEN, us));

              if (pt != BISHOP)
                  st->checkersBB |= (attacks_from<BISHOP>(king_square(them)) & pieces(BISHOP, QUEEN, us));
          }
      }
  }

  // Finish
  sideToMove = opposite_color(sideToMove);
  st->value += (sideToMove == WHITE ?  TempoValue : -TempoValue);

  assert(is_ok());
}


/// Position::do_capture_move() is a private method used to update captured
/// piece info. It is called from the main Position::do_move function.

void Position::do_capture_move(Key& key, PieceType capture, Color them, Square to, bool ep) {

    assert(capture != KING);

    Square capsq = to;

    // If the captured piece was a pawn, update pawn hash key,
    // otherwise update non-pawn material.
    if (capture == PAWN)
    {
        if (ep) // en passant ?
        {
            capsq = (them == BLACK)? (to - DELTA_N) : (to - DELTA_S);

            assert(to == st->epSquare);
            assert(relative_rank(opposite_color(them), to) == RANK_6);
            assert(piece_on(to) == PIECE_NONE);
            assert(piece_on(capsq) == make_piece(them, PAWN));

            board[capsq] = PIECE_NONE;
        }
        st->pawnKey ^= zobrist[them][PAWN][capsq];
    }
    else
        st->npMaterial[them] -= PieceValueMidgame[capture];

    // Remove captured piece
    clear_bit(&(byColorBB[them]), capsq);
    clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[capture]), capsq);
    clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), capsq);

    // Update hash key
    key ^= zobrist[them][capture][capsq];

    // Update incremental scores
    st->value -= pst(them, capture, capsq);

    // Update piece count
    pieceCount[them][capture]--;

    // Update material hash key
    st->materialKey ^= zobrist[them][capture][pieceCount[them][capture]];

    // Update piece list, move the last piece at index[capsq] position
    //
    // WARNING: This is a not perfectly revresible operation. When we
    // will reinsert the captured piece in undo_move() we will put it
    // at the end of the list and not in its original place, it means
    // index[] and pieceList[] are not guaranteed to be invariant to a
    // do_move() + undo_move() sequence.
    Square lastPieceSquare = pieceList[them][capture][pieceCount[them][capture]];
    index[lastPieceSquare] = index[capsq];
    pieceList[them][capture][index[lastPieceSquare]] = lastPieceSquare;
    pieceList[them][capture][pieceCount[them][capture]] = SQ_NONE;

    // Reset rule 50 counter
    st->rule50 = 0;
}


/// Position::do_castle_move() is a private method used to make a castling
/// move. It is called from the main Position::do_move function. Note that
/// castling moves are encoded as "king captures friendly rook" moves, for
/// instance white short castling in a non-Chess960 game is encoded as e1h1.

void Position::do_castle_move(Move m) {

  assert(move_is_ok(m));
  assert(move_is_castle(m));

  Color us = side_to_move();
  Color them = opposite_color(us);

  // Reset capture field
  st->capturedType = PIECE_TYPE_NONE;

  // Find source squares for king and rook
  Square kfrom = move_from(m);
  Square rfrom = move_to(m);  // HACK: See comment at beginning of function
  Square kto, rto;

  assert(piece_on(kfrom) == make_piece(us, KING));
  assert(piece_on(rfrom) == make_piece(us, ROOK));

  // Find destination squares for king and rook
  if (rfrom > kfrom) // O-O
  {
      kto = relative_square(us, SQ_G1);
      rto = relative_square(us, SQ_F1);
  } else { // O-O-O
      kto = relative_square(us, SQ_C1);
      rto = relative_square(us, SQ_D1);
  }

  // Remove pieces from source squares:
  clear_bit(&(byColorBB[us]), kfrom);
  clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[KING]), kfrom);
  clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), kfrom); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] == occupied squares
  clear_bit(&(byColorBB[us]), rfrom);
  clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[ROOK]), rfrom);
  clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), rfrom); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] == occupied squares

  // Put pieces on destination squares:
  set_bit(&(byColorBB[us]), kto);
  set_bit(&(byTypeBB[KING]), kto);
  set_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), kto); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] == occupied squares
  set_bit(&(byColorBB[us]), rto);
  set_bit(&(byTypeBB[ROOK]), rto);
  set_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), rto); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] == occupied squares

  // Update board array
  Piece king = make_piece(us, KING);
  Piece rook = make_piece(us, ROOK);
  board[kfrom] = board[rfrom] = PIECE_NONE;
  board[kto] = king;
  board[rto] = rook;

  // Update piece lists
  pieceList[us][KING][index[kfrom]] = kto;
  pieceList[us][ROOK][index[rfrom]] = rto;
  int tmp = index[rfrom]; // In Chess960 could be rto == kfrom
  index[kto] = index[kfrom];
  index[rto] = tmp;

  // Update incremental scores
  st->value += pst_delta(king, kfrom, kto);
  st->value += pst_delta(rook, rfrom, rto);

  // Update hash key
  st->key ^= zobrist[us][KING][kfrom] ^ zobrist[us][KING][kto];
  st->key ^= zobrist[us][ROOK][rfrom] ^ zobrist[us][ROOK][rto];

  // Clear en passant square
  if (st->epSquare != SQ_NONE)
  {
      st->key ^= zobEp[st->epSquare];
      st->epSquare = SQ_NONE;
  }

  // Update castling rights
  st->key ^= zobCastle[st->castleRights];
  st->castleRights &= castleRightsMask[kfrom];
  st->key ^= zobCastle[st->castleRights];

  // Reset rule 50 counter
  st->rule50 = 0;

  // Update checkers BB
  st->checkersBB = attackers_to(king_square(them)) & pieces_of_color(us);

  // Finish
  sideToMove = opposite_color(sideToMove);
  st->value += (sideToMove == WHITE ?  TempoValue : -TempoValue);

  assert(is_ok());
}


/// Position::undo_move() unmakes a move. When it returns, the position should
/// be restored to exactly the same state as before the move was made.

void Position::undo_move(Move m) {

  assert(is_ok());
  assert(move_is_ok(m));

  sideToMove = opposite_color(sideToMove);

  if (move_is_castle(m))
  {
      undo_castle_move(m);
      return;
  }

  Color us = side_to_move();
  Color them = opposite_color(us);
  Square from = move_from(m);
  Square to = move_to(m);
  bool ep = move_is_ep(m);
  bool pm = move_is_promotion(m);

  PieceType pt = piece_type(piece_on(to));

  assert(square_is_empty(from));
  assert(piece_color(piece_on(to)) == us);
  assert(!pm || relative_rank(us, to) == RANK_8);
  assert(!ep || to == st->previous->epSquare);
  assert(!ep || relative_rank(us, to) == RANK_6);
  assert(!ep || piece_on(to) == make_piece(us, PAWN));

  if (pm) // promotion ?
  {
      PieceType promotion = promotion_piece_type(m);
      pt = PAWN;

      assert(promotion >= KNIGHT && promotion <= QUEEN);
      assert(piece_on(to) == make_piece(us, promotion));

      // Replace promoted piece with a pawn
      clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[promotion]), to);
      set_bit(&(byTypeBB[PAWN]), to);

      // Update piece counts
      pieceCount[us][promotion]--;
      pieceCount[us][PAWN]++;

      // Update piece list replacing promotion piece with a pawn
      Square lastPromotionSquare = pieceList[us][promotion][pieceCount[us][promotion]];
      index[lastPromotionSquare] = index[to];
      pieceList[us][promotion][index[lastPromotionSquare]] = lastPromotionSquare;
      pieceList[us][promotion][pieceCount[us][promotion]] = SQ_NONE;
      index[to] = pieceCount[us][PAWN] - 1;
      pieceList[us][PAWN][index[to]] = to;
  }

  // Put the piece back at the source square
  Bitboard move_bb = make_move_bb(to, from);
  do_move_bb(&(byColorBB[us]), move_bb);
  do_move_bb(&(byTypeBB[pt]), move_bb);
  do_move_bb(&(byTypeBB[0]), move_bb); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] == occupied squares

  board[from] = make_piece(us, pt);
  board[to] = PIECE_NONE;

  // Update piece list
  index[from] = index[to];
  pieceList[us][pt][index[from]] = from;

  if (st->capturedType)
  {
      Square capsq = to;

      if (ep)
          capsq = (us == WHITE)? (to - DELTA_N) : (to - DELTA_S);

      assert(st->capturedType != KING);
      assert(!ep || square_is_empty(capsq));

      // Restore the captured piece
      set_bit(&(byColorBB[them]), capsq);
      set_bit(&(byTypeBB[st->capturedType]), capsq);
      set_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), capsq);

      board[capsq] = make_piece(them, st->capturedType);

      // Update piece count
      pieceCount[them][st->capturedType]++;

      // Update piece list, add a new captured piece in capsq square
      index[capsq] = pieceCount[them][st->capturedType] - 1;
      pieceList[them][st->capturedType][index[capsq]] = capsq;
  }

  // Finally point our state pointer back to the previous state
  st = st->previous;

  assert(is_ok());
}


/// Position::undo_castle_move() is a private method used to unmake a castling
/// move. It is called from the main Position::undo_move function. Note that
/// castling moves are encoded as "king captures friendly rook" moves, for
/// instance white short castling in a non-Chess960 game is encoded as e1h1.

void Position::undo_castle_move(Move m) {

  assert(move_is_ok(m));
  assert(move_is_castle(m));

  // When we have arrived here, some work has already been done by
  // Position::undo_move.  In particular, the side to move has been switched,
  // so the code below is correct.
  Color us = side_to_move();

  // Find source squares for king and rook
  Square kfrom = move_from(m);
  Square rfrom = move_to(m);  // HACK: See comment at beginning of function
  Square kto, rto;

  // Find destination squares for king and rook
  if (rfrom > kfrom) // O-O
  {
      kto = relative_square(us, SQ_G1);
      rto = relative_square(us, SQ_F1);
  } else { // O-O-O
      kto = relative_square(us, SQ_C1);
      rto = relative_square(us, SQ_D1);
  }

  assert(piece_on(kto) == make_piece(us, KING));
  assert(piece_on(rto) == make_piece(us, ROOK));

  // Remove pieces from destination squares:
  clear_bit(&(byColorBB[us]), kto);
  clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[KING]), kto);
  clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), kto); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] == occupied squares
  clear_bit(&(byColorBB[us]), rto);
  clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[ROOK]), rto);
  clear_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), rto); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] == occupied squares

  // Put pieces on source squares:
  set_bit(&(byColorBB[us]), kfrom);
  set_bit(&(byTypeBB[KING]), kfrom);
  set_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), kfrom); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] == occupied squares
  set_bit(&(byColorBB[us]), rfrom);
  set_bit(&(byTypeBB[ROOK]), rfrom);
  set_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), rfrom); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] == occupied squares

  // Update board
  board[rto] = board[kto] = PIECE_NONE;
  board[rfrom] = make_piece(us, ROOK);
  board[kfrom] = make_piece(us, KING);

  // Update piece lists
  pieceList[us][KING][index[kto]] = kfrom;
  pieceList[us][ROOK][index[rto]] = rfrom;
  int tmp = index[rto];  // In Chess960 could be rto == kfrom
  index[kfrom] = index[kto];
  index[rfrom] = tmp;

  // Finally point our state pointer back to the previous state
  st = st->previous;

  assert(is_ok());
}


/// Position::do_null_move makes() a "null move": It switches the side to move
/// and updates the hash key without executing any move on the board.

void Position::do_null_move(StateInfo& backupSt) {

  assert(is_ok());
  assert(!in_check());

  // Back up the information necessary to undo the null move to the supplied
  // StateInfo object.
  // Note that differently from normal case here backupSt is actually used as
  // a backup storage not as a new state to be used.
  backupSt.key      = st->key;
  backupSt.epSquare = st->epSquare;
  backupSt.value    = st->value;
  backupSt.previous = st->previous;
  backupSt.pliesFromNull = st->pliesFromNull;
  st->previous = &backupSt;

  // Save the current key to the history[] array, in order to be able to
  // detect repetition draws.
  history[st->gamePly++] = st->key;

  // Update the necessary information
  if (st->epSquare != SQ_NONE)
      st->key ^= zobEp[st->epSquare];

  st->key ^= zobSideToMove;
  prefetch((char*)TT.first_entry(st->key));

  sideToMove = opposite_color(sideToMove);
  st->epSquare = SQ_NONE;
  st->rule50++;
  st->pliesFromNull = 0;
  st->value += (sideToMove == WHITE) ?  TempoValue : -TempoValue;
}


/// Position::undo_null_move() unmakes a "null move".

void Position::undo_null_move() {

  assert(is_ok());
  assert(!in_check());

  // Restore information from the our backup StateInfo object
  StateInfo* backupSt = st->previous;
  st->key      = backupSt->key;
  st->epSquare = backupSt->epSquare;
  st->value    = backupSt->value;
  st->previous = backupSt->previous;
  st->pliesFromNull = backupSt->pliesFromNull;

  // Update the necessary information
  sideToMove = opposite_color(sideToMove);
  st->rule50--;
  st->gamePly--;
}


/// Position::see() is a static exchange evaluator: It tries to estimate the
/// material gain or loss resulting from a move. There are three versions of
/// this function: One which takes a destination square as input, one takes a
/// move, and one which takes a 'from' and a 'to' square. The function does
/// not yet understand promotions captures.

int Position::see_sign(Move m) const {

  assert(move_is_ok(m));

  Square from = move_from(m);
  Square to = move_to(m);

  // Early return if SEE cannot be negative because captured piece value
  // is not less then capturing one. Note that king moves always return
  // here because king midgame value is set to 0.
  if (piece_value_midgame(piece_on(to)) >= piece_value_midgame(piece_on(from)))
      return 1;

  return see(m);
}

int Position::see(Move m) const {

  Square from, to;
  Bitboard occupied, attackers, stmAttackers, b;
  int swapList[32], slIndex = 1;
  PieceType capturedType, pt;
  Color stm;

  assert(move_is_ok(m));

  // As castle moves are implemented as capturing the rook, they have
  // SEE == RookValueMidgame most of the times (unless the rook is under
  // attack).
  if (move_is_castle(m))
      return 0;

  from = move_from(m);
  to = move_to(m);
  capturedType = piece_type(piece_on(to));
  occupied = occupied_squares();

  // Handle en passant moves
  if (st->epSquare == to && piece_type(piece_on(from)) == PAWN)
  {
      Square capQq = (side_to_move() == WHITE ? to - DELTA_N : to - DELTA_S);

      assert(capturedType == PIECE_TYPE_NONE);
      assert(piece_type(piece_on(capQq)) == PAWN);

      // Remove the captured pawn
      clear_bit(&occupied, capQq);
      capturedType = PAWN;
  }

  // Find all attackers to the destination square, with the moving piece
  // removed, but possibly an X-ray attacker added behind it.
  clear_bit(&occupied, from);
  attackers = attackers_to(to, occupied);

  // If the opponent has no attackers we are finished
  stm = opposite_color(piece_color(piece_on(from)));
  stmAttackers = attackers & pieces_of_color(stm);
  if (!stmAttackers)
      return PieceValueMidgame[capturedType];

  // The destination square is defended, which makes things rather more
  // difficult to compute. We proceed by building up a "swap list" containing
  // the material gain or loss at each stop in a sequence of captures to the
  // destination square, where the sides alternately capture, and always
  // capture with the least valuable piece. After each capture, we look for
  // new X-ray attacks from behind the capturing piece.
  swapList[0] = PieceValueMidgame[capturedType];
  capturedType = piece_type(piece_on(from));

  do {
      // Locate the least valuable attacker for the side to move. The loop
      // below looks like it is potentially infinite, but it isn't. We know
      // that the side to move still has at least one attacker left.
      for (pt = PAWN; !(stmAttackers & pieces(pt)); pt++)
          assert(pt < KING);

      // Remove the attacker we just found from the 'occupied' bitboard,
      // and scan for new X-ray attacks behind the attacker.
      b = stmAttackers & pieces(pt);
      occupied ^= (b & (~b + 1));
      attackers |=  (rook_attacks_bb(to, occupied)   & pieces(ROOK, QUEEN))
                  | (bishop_attacks_bb(to, occupied) & pieces(BISHOP, QUEEN));

      attackers &= occupied; // Cut out pieces we've already done

      // Add the new entry to the swap list
      assert(slIndex < 32);
      swapList[slIndex] = -swapList[slIndex - 1] + PieceValueMidgame[capturedType];
      slIndex++;

      // Remember the value of the capturing piece, and change the side to
      // move before beginning the next iteration.
      capturedType = pt;
      stm = opposite_color(stm);
      stmAttackers = attackers & pieces_of_color(stm);

      // Stop before processing a king capture
      if (capturedType == KING && stmAttackers)
      {
          assert(slIndex < 32);
          swapList[slIndex++] = QueenValueMidgame*10;
          break;
      }
  } while (stmAttackers);

  // Having built the swap list, we negamax through it to find the best
  // achievable score from the point of view of the side to move.
  while (--slIndex)
      swapList[slIndex-1] = Min(-swapList[slIndex], swapList[slIndex-1]);

  return swapList[0];
}


/// Position::clear() erases the position object to a pristine state, with an
/// empty board, white to move, and no castling rights.

void Position::clear() {

  st = &startState;
  memset(st, 0, sizeof(StateInfo));
  st->epSquare = SQ_NONE;
  startPosPlyCounter = 0;
  nodes = 0;

  memset(byColorBB,  0, sizeof(Bitboard) * 2);
  memset(byTypeBB,   0, sizeof(Bitboard) * 8);
  memset(pieceCount, 0, sizeof(int) * 2 * 8);
  memset(index,      0, sizeof(int) * 64);

  for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
      board[i] = PIECE_NONE;

  for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
      for (int j = 0; j < 16; j++)
          pieceList[0][i][j] = pieceList[1][i][j] = SQ_NONE;

  for (Square sq = SQ_A1; sq <= SQ_H8; sq++)
      castleRightsMask[sq] = ALL_CASTLES;

  sideToMove = WHITE;
  initialKFile = FILE_E;
  initialKRFile = FILE_H;
  initialQRFile = FILE_A;
}


/// Position::put_piece() puts a piece on the given square of the board,
/// updating the board array, pieces list, bitboards, and piece counts.

void Position::put_piece(Piece p, Square s) {

  Color c = piece_color(p);
  PieceType pt = piece_type(p);

  board[s] = p;
  index[s] = pieceCount[c][pt]++;
  pieceList[c][pt][index[s]] = s;

  set_bit(&(byTypeBB[pt]), s);
  set_bit(&(byColorBB[c]), s);
  set_bit(&(byTypeBB[0]), s); // HACK: byTypeBB[0] contains all occupied squares.
}


/// Position::compute_key() computes the hash key of the position. The hash
/// key is usually updated incrementally as moves are made and unmade, the
/// compute_key() function is only used when a new position is set up, and
/// to verify the correctness of the hash key when running in debug mode.

Key Position::compute_key() const {

  Key result = zobCastle[st->castleRights];

  for (Square s = SQ_A1; s <= SQ_H8; s++)
      if (square_is_occupied(s))
          result ^= zobrist[piece_color(piece_on(s))][piece_type(piece_on(s))][s];

  if (ep_square() != SQ_NONE)
      result ^= zobEp[ep_square()];

  if (side_to_move() == BLACK)
      result ^= zobSideToMove;

  return result;
}


/// Position::compute_pawn_key() computes the hash key of the position. The
/// hash key is usually updated incrementally as moves are made and unmade,
/// the compute_pawn_key() function is only used when a new position is set
/// up, and to verify the correctness of the pawn hash key when running in
/// debug mode.

Key Position::compute_pawn_key() const {

  Bitboard b;
  Key result = 0;

  for (Color c = WHITE; c <= BLACK; c++)
  {
      b = pieces(PAWN, c);
      while (b)
          result ^= zobrist[c][PAWN][pop_1st_bit(&b)];
  }
  return result;
}


/// Position::compute_material_key() computes the hash key of the position.
/// The hash key is usually updated incrementally as moves are made and unmade,
/// the compute_material_key() function is only used when a new position is set
/// up, and to verify the correctness of the material hash key when running in
/// debug mode.

Key Position::compute_material_key() const {

  int count;
  Key result = 0;

  for (Color c = WHITE; c <= BLACK; c++)
      for (PieceType pt = PAWN; pt <= QUEEN; pt++)
      {
          count = piece_count(c, pt);
          for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
              result ^= zobrist[c][pt][i];
      }
  return result;
}


/// Position::compute_value() compute the incremental scores for the middle
/// game and the endgame. These functions are used to initialize the incremental
/// scores when a new position is set up, and to verify that the scores are correctly
/// updated by do_move and undo_move when the program is running in debug mode.
Score Position::compute_value() const {

  Bitboard b;
  Score result = SCORE_ZERO;

  for (Color c = WHITE; c <= BLACK; c++)
      for (PieceType pt = PAWN; pt <= KING; pt++)
      {
          b = pieces(pt, c);
          while (b)
              result += pst(c, pt, pop_1st_bit(&b));
      }

  result += (side_to_move() == WHITE ? TempoValue / 2 : -TempoValue / 2);
  return result;
}


/// Position::compute_non_pawn_material() computes the total non-pawn middle
/// game material value for the given side. Material values are updated
/// incrementally during the search, this function is only used while
/// initializing a new Position object.

Value Position::compute_non_pawn_material(Color c) const {

  Value result = VALUE_ZERO;

  for (PieceType pt = KNIGHT; pt <= QUEEN; pt++)
      result += piece_count(c, pt) * PieceValueMidgame[pt];

  return result;
}


/// Position::is_draw() tests whether the position is drawn by material,
/// repetition, or the 50 moves rule. It does not detect stalemates, this
/// must be done by the search.
template<bool SkipRepetition>
bool Position::is_draw() const {

  // Draw by material?
  if (   !pieces(PAWN)
      && (non_pawn_material(WHITE) + non_pawn_material(BLACK) <= BishopValueMidgame))
      return true;

  // Draw by the 50 moves rule?
  if (st->rule50 > 99 && !is_mate())
      return true;

  // Draw by repetition?
  if (!SkipRepetition)
      for (int i = 4, e = Min(Min(st->gamePly, st->rule50), st->pliesFromNull); i <= e; i += 2)
          if (history[st->gamePly - i] == st->key)
              return true;

  return false;
}

// Explicit template instantiations
template bool Position::is_draw<false>() const;
template bool Position::is_draw<true>() const;


/// Position::is_mate() returns true or false depending on whether the
/// side to move is checkmated.

bool Position::is_mate() const {

  MoveStack moves[MAX_MOVES];
  return in_check() && generate<MV_LEGAL>(*this, moves) == moves;
}


/// Position::init() is a static member function which initializes at
/// startup the various arrays used to compute hash keys and the piece
/// square tables. The latter is a two-step operation: First, the white
/// halves of the tables are copied from the MgPST[][] and EgPST[][] arrays.
/// Second, the black halves of the tables are initialized by mirroring
/// and changing the sign of the corresponding white scores.

void Position::init() {

  RKISS rk;

  for (Color c = WHITE; c <= BLACK; c++)
      for (PieceType pt = PAWN; pt <= KING; pt++)
          for (Square s = SQ_A1; s <= SQ_H8; s++)
              zobrist[c][pt][s] = rk.rand<Key>();

  for (Square s = SQ_A1; s <= SQ_H8; s++)
      zobEp[s] = rk.rand<Key>();

  for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
      zobCastle[i] = rk.rand<Key>();

  zobSideToMove = rk.rand<Key>();
  zobExclusion  = rk.rand<Key>();

  for (Square s = SQ_A1; s <= SQ_H8; s++)
      for (Piece p = WP; p <= WK; p++)
          PieceSquareTable[p][s] = make_score(MgPST[p][s], EgPST[p][s]);

  for (Square s = SQ_A1; s <= SQ_H8; s++)
      for (Piece p = BP; p <= BK; p++)
          PieceSquareTable[p][s] = -PieceSquareTable[p-8][flip_square(s)];
}


/// Position::flip() flips position with the white and black sides reversed. This
/// is only useful for debugging especially for finding evaluation symmetry bugs.

void Position::flip() {

  assert(is_ok());

  // Make a copy of current position before to start changing
  const Position pos(*this, threadID);

  clear();
  threadID = pos.thread();

  // Board
  for (Square s = SQ_A1; s <= SQ_H8; s++)
      if (!pos.square_is_empty(s))
          put_piece(Piece(pos.piece_on(s) ^ 8), flip_square(s));

  // Side to move
  sideToMove = opposite_color(pos.side_to_move());

  // Castling rights
  if (pos.can_castle_kingside(WHITE))  set_castle_kingside(BLACK);
  if (pos.can_castle_queenside(WHITE)) set_castle_queenside(BLACK);
  if (pos.can_castle_kingside(BLACK))  set_castle_kingside(WHITE);
  if (pos.can_castle_queenside(BLACK)) set_castle_queenside(WHITE);

  initialKFile  = pos.initialKFile;
  initialKRFile = pos.initialKRFile;
  initialQRFile = pos.initialQRFile;

  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialKFile,  RANK_1)] ^= (WHITE_OO | WHITE_OOO);
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialKFile,  RANK_8)] ^= (BLACK_OO | BLACK_OOO);
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialKRFile, RANK_1)] ^=  WHITE_OO;
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialKRFile, RANK_8)] ^=  BLACK_OO;
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialQRFile, RANK_1)] ^=  WHITE_OOO;
  castleRightsMask[make_square(initialQRFile, RANK_8)] ^=  BLACK_OOO;

  // En passant square
  if (pos.st->epSquare != SQ_NONE)
      st->epSquare = flip_square(pos.st->epSquare);

  // Checkers
  find_checkers();

  // Hash keys
  st->key = compute_key();
  st->pawnKey = compute_pawn_key();
  st->materialKey = compute_material_key();

  // Incremental scores
  st->value = compute_value();

  // Material
  st->npMaterial[WHITE] = compute_non_pawn_material(WHITE);
  st->npMaterial[BLACK] = compute_non_pawn_material(BLACK);

  assert(is_ok());
}


/// Position::is_ok() performs some consitency checks for the position object.
/// This is meant to be helpful when debugging.

bool Position::is_ok(int* failedStep) const {

  // What features of the position should be verified?
  const bool debugAll = false;

  const bool debugBitboards       = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugKingCount       = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugKingCapture     = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugCheckerCount    = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugKey             = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugMaterialKey     = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugPawnKey         = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugIncrementalEval = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugNonPawnMaterial = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugPieceCounts     = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugPieceList       = debugAll || false;
  const bool debugCastleSquares   = debugAll || false;

  if (failedStep) *failedStep = 1;

  // Side to move OK?
  if (side_to_move() != WHITE && side_to_move() != BLACK)
      return false;

  // Are the king squares in the position correct?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (piece_on(king_square(WHITE)) != WK)
      return false;

  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (piece_on(king_square(BLACK)) != BK)
      return false;

  // Castle files OK?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (!square_is_ok(make_square(initialKRFile, RANK_1)))
      return false;

  if (!square_is_ok(make_square(initialQRFile, RANK_1)))
      return false;

  // Do both sides have exactly one king?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugKingCount)
  {
      int kingCount[2] = {0, 0};
      for (Square s = SQ_A1; s <= SQ_H8; s++)
          if (piece_type(piece_on(s)) == KING)
              kingCount[piece_color(piece_on(s))]++;

      if (kingCount[0] != 1 || kingCount[1] != 1)
          return false;
  }

  // Can the side to move capture the opponent's king?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugKingCapture)
  {
      Color us = side_to_move();
      Color them = opposite_color(us);
      Square ksq = king_square(them);
      if (attackers_to(ksq) & pieces_of_color(us))
          return false;
  }

  // Is there more than 2 checkers?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugCheckerCount && count_1s<CNT32>(st->checkersBB) > 2)
      return false;

  // Bitboards OK?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugBitboards)
  {
      // The intersection of the white and black pieces must be empty
      if ((pieces_of_color(WHITE) & pieces_of_color(BLACK)) != EmptyBoardBB)
          return false;

      // The union of the white and black pieces must be equal to all
      // occupied squares
      if ((pieces_of_color(WHITE) | pieces_of_color(BLACK)) != occupied_squares())
          return false;

      // Separate piece type bitboards must have empty intersections
      for (PieceType p1 = PAWN; p1 <= KING; p1++)
          for (PieceType p2 = PAWN; p2 <= KING; p2++)
              if (p1 != p2 && (pieces(p1) & pieces(p2)))
                  return false;
  }

  // En passant square OK?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (ep_square() != SQ_NONE)
  {
      // The en passant square must be on rank 6, from the point of view of the
      // side to move.
      if (relative_rank(side_to_move(), ep_square()) != RANK_6)
          return false;
  }

  // Hash key OK?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugKey && st->key != compute_key())
      return false;

  // Pawn hash key OK?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugPawnKey && st->pawnKey != compute_pawn_key())
      return false;

  // Material hash key OK?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugMaterialKey && st->materialKey != compute_material_key())
      return false;

  // Incremental eval OK?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugIncrementalEval && st->value != compute_value())
      return false;

  // Non-pawn material OK?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugNonPawnMaterial)
  {
      if (st->npMaterial[WHITE] != compute_non_pawn_material(WHITE))
          return false;

      if (st->npMaterial[BLACK] != compute_non_pawn_material(BLACK))
          return false;
  }

  // Piece counts OK?
  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugPieceCounts)
      for (Color c = WHITE; c <= BLACK; c++)
          for (PieceType pt = PAWN; pt <= KING; pt++)
              if (pieceCount[c][pt] != count_1s<CNT32>(pieces(pt, c)))
                  return false;

  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugPieceList)
      for (Color c = WHITE; c <= BLACK; c++)
          for (PieceType pt = PAWN; pt <= KING; pt++)
              for (int i = 0; i < pieceCount[c][pt]; i++)
              {
                  if (piece_on(piece_list(c, pt, i)) != make_piece(c, pt))
                      return false;

                  if (index[piece_list(c, pt, i)] != i)
                      return false;
              }

  if (failedStep) (*failedStep)++;
  if (debugCastleSquares)
  {
      for (Color c = WHITE; c <= BLACK; c++)
      {
          if (can_castle_kingside(c) && piece_on(initial_kr_square(c)) != make_piece(c, ROOK))
              return false;

          if (can_castle_queenside(c) && piece_on(initial_qr_square(c)) != make_piece(c, ROOK))
              return false;
      }
      // If we cannot castle castleRightsMask[] could be not valid, for instance when
      // king initial file is FILE_A as queen rook.
      if (can_castle(WHITE) || can_castle(BLACK))
      {
          if (castleRightsMask[initial_kr_square(WHITE)] != (ALL_CASTLES ^ WHITE_OO))
              return false;
          if (castleRightsMask[initial_qr_square(WHITE)] != (ALL_CASTLES ^ WHITE_OOO))
              return false;
          if (castleRightsMask[initial_kr_square(BLACK)] != (ALL_CASTLES ^ BLACK_OO))
              return false;
          if (castleRightsMask[initial_qr_square(BLACK)] != (ALL_CASTLES ^ BLACK_OOO))
              return false;
      }
  }

  if (failedStep) *failedStep = 0;
  return true;
}